plugins/snapshots/devmapper/snapshotter.go - third_party/containerd - Git at Google

 //go:build linux

 /*
    Copyright The containerd Authors.

    Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
    you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
    You may obtain a copy of the License at

        http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

    Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
    distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
    WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
    See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
    limitations under the License.
 */

 package devmapper

 import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"

 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/mount"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/snapshots"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/snapshots/storage"
 	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/plugins/snapshots/devmapper/dmsetup"
 	"github.com/containerd/errdefs"
 	"github.com/containerd/log"
 )

 type fsType string

 const (
 	fsTypeExt4 fsType = "ext4"
 	fsTypeExt2 fsType = "ext2"
 	fsTypeXFS  fsType = "xfs"
 )

 const (
 	metadataFileName        = "metadata.db"
 	devmapperSnapshotFsType = "containerd.io/snapshot/devmapper/fstype"
 )

 type closeFunc func() error

 // Snapshotter implements containerd's snapshotter (https://godoc.org/github.com/containerd/containerd/snapshots#Snapshotter)
 // based on Linux device-mapper targets.
 type Snapshotter struct {
 	store     *storage.MetaStore
 	pool      *PoolDevice
 	config    *Config
 	cleanupFn []closeFunc
 	closeOnce sync.Once
 }

 // NewSnapshotter creates new device mapper snapshotter.
 // Internally it creates thin-pool device (or reloads if it's already exists) and
 // initializes a database file for metadata.
 func NewSnapshotter(ctx context.Context, config *Config) (*Snapshotter, error) {
 	// Make sure snapshotter configuration valid before running
 	if err := config.parse(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	if err := config.Validate(); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	var cleanupFn []closeFunc

 	if err := os.MkdirAll(config.RootPath, 0750); err != nil && !os.IsExist(err) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create root directory: %s: %w", config.RootPath, err)
 	}

 	store, err := storage.NewMetaStore(filepath.Join(config.RootPath, metadataFileName))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create metastore: %w", err)
 	}

 	cleanupFn = append(cleanupFn, store.Close)

 	poolDevice, err := NewPoolDevice(ctx, config)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	cleanupFn = append(cleanupFn, poolDevice.Close)

 	return &Snapshotter{
 		store:     store,
 		config:    config,
 		pool:      poolDevice,
 		cleanupFn: cleanupFn,
 	}, nil
 }

 // Stat returns the info for an active or committed snapshot from store
 func (s *Snapshotter) Stat(ctx context.Context, key string) (snapshots.Info, error) {
 	log.G(ctx).WithField("key", key).Debug("stat")

 	var (
 		info snapshots.Info
 		err  error
 	)

 	err = s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, false, func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		_, info, _, err = storage.GetInfo(ctx, key)
 		return err
 	})

 	return info, err
 }

 // Update updates an existing snapshot info's data
 func (s *Snapshotter) Update(ctx context.Context, info snapshots.Info, fieldpaths ...string) (snapshots.Info, error) {
 	log.G(ctx).Debugf("update: %s", strings.Join(fieldpaths, ", "))

 	var err error
 	err = s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, true, func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		info, err = storage.UpdateInfo(ctx, info, fieldpaths...)
 		return err
 	})

 	return info, err
 }

 // Usage returns the resource usage of an active or committed snapshot excluding the usage of parent snapshots.
 func (s *Snapshotter) Usage(ctx context.Context, key string) (snapshots.Usage, error) {
 	log.G(ctx).WithField("key", key).Debug("usage")

 	var (
 		id    string
 		err   error
 		info  snapshots.Info
 		usage snapshots.Usage
 	)

 	err = s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, false, func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		id, info, usage, err = storage.GetInfo(ctx, key)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

 		if info.Kind == snapshots.KindActive {
 			deviceName := s.getDeviceName(id)
 			usage.Size, err = s.pool.GetUsage(deviceName)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		}

 		if info.Parent != "" {
 			// GetInfo returns total number of bytes used by a snapshot (including parent).
 			// So subtract parent usage in order to get delta consumed by layer itself.
 			_, _, parentUsage, err := storage.GetInfo(ctx, info.Parent)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}

 			usage.Size -= parentUsage.Size
 		}

 		return err
 	})

 	return usage, err
 }

 // Mounts return the list of mounts for the active or view snapshot
 func (s *Snapshotter) Mounts(ctx context.Context, key string) ([]mount.Mount, error) {
 	log.G(ctx).WithField("key", key).Debug("mounts")

 	var (
 		snap storage.Snapshot
 		err  error
 	)

 	err = s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, false, func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		snap, err = storage.GetSnapshot(ctx, key)
 		return err
 	})

 	snapInfo, err := s.Stat(ctx, key)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Errorf("cannot retrieve snapshot info for key %s", key)
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	return s.buildMounts(ctx, snap, fsType(snapInfo.Labels[devmapperSnapshotFsType])), nil
 }

 // Prepare creates thin device for an active snapshot identified by key
 func (s *Snapshotter) Prepare(ctx context.Context, key, parent string, opts ...snapshots.Opt) ([]mount.Mount, error) {
 	log.G(ctx).WithFields(log.Fields{"key": key, "parent": parent}).Debug("prepare")

 	var (
 		mounts []mount.Mount
 		err    error
 	)

 	err = s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, true, func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		mounts, err = s.createSnapshot(ctx, snapshots.KindActive, key, parent, opts...)
 		return err
 	})

 	return mounts, err
 }

 // View creates readonly thin device for the given snapshot key
 func (s *Snapshotter) View(ctx context.Context, key, parent string, opts ...snapshots.Opt) ([]mount.Mount, error) {
 	log.G(ctx).WithFields(log.Fields{"key": key, "parent": parent}).Debug("view")

 	var (
 		mounts []mount.Mount
 		err    error
 	)

 	err = s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, true, func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		mounts, err = s.createSnapshot(ctx, snapshots.KindView, key, parent, opts...)
 		return err
 	})

 	return mounts, err
 }

 // Commit marks an active snapshot as committed in meta store.
 // Block device unmount operation captures snapshot changes by itself, so no
 // additional actions needed within Commit operation.
 func (s *Snapshotter) Commit(ctx context.Context, name, key string, opts ...snapshots.Opt) error {
 	log.G(ctx).WithFields(log.Fields{"name": name, "key": key}).Debug("commit")

 	return s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, true, func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		id, snapInfo, _, err := storage.GetInfo(ctx, key)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

 		deviceName := s.getDeviceName(id)
 		size, err := s.pool.GetUsage(deviceName)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

 		usage := snapshots.Usage{
 			Size: size,
 		}

 		// Add file system type label if present. In case more than one file system
 		// type is supported file system type from parent will be used for creating
 		// snapshot.
 		fsTypeActive := snapInfo.Labels[devmapperSnapshotFsType]
 		if fsTypeActive != "" {
 			fsLabel := make(map[string]string)
 			fsLabel[devmapperSnapshotFsType] = fsTypeActive
 			opts = append(opts, snapshots.WithLabels(fsLabel))
 		}
 		_, err = storage.CommitActive(ctx, key, name, usage, opts...)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

 		// After committed, the snapshot device will not be directly
 		// used anymore. We'd better deactivate it to make it *invisible*
 		// in userspace, so that tools like LVM2 and fdisk cannot touch it,
 		// and avoid useless IOs on it.
 		//
 		// Before deactivation, we need to flush the outstanding IO by suspend.
 		// Afterward, we resume it again to prevent a race window which may cause
 		// a process IO hang. See the issue below for details:
 		//   (https://github.com/containerd/containerd/issues/4234)
 		err = s.pool.SuspendDevice(ctx, deviceName)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

 		err = s.pool.ResumeDevice(ctx, deviceName)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

 		return s.pool.DeactivateDevice(ctx, deviceName, true, false)
 	})
 }

 // Remove removes thin device and snapshot metadata by key
 func (s *Snapshotter) Remove(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
 	log.G(ctx).WithField("key", key).Debug("remove")

 	return s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, true, func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return s.removeDevice(ctx, key)
 	})
 }

 func (s *Snapshotter) removeDevice(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
 	snapID, _, err := storage.Remove(ctx, key)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	deviceName := s.getDeviceName(snapID)
 	if !s.config.AsyncRemove {
 		if err := s.pool.RemoveDevice(ctx, deviceName); err != nil {
 			log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Error("failed to remove device")
 			// Tell snapshot GC continue to collect other snapshots.
 			// Otherwise, one snapshot collection failure will stop
 			// the GC, and all snapshots won't be collected even though
 			// having no relationship with the failed one.
 			return errdefs.ErrFailedPrecondition
 		}
 	} else {
 		// The asynchronous cleanup will do the real device remove work.
 		log.G(ctx).WithField("device", deviceName).Debug("async remove")
 		if err := s.pool.MarkDeviceState(ctx, deviceName, Removed); err != nil {
 			log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Error("failed to mark device as removed")
 			return err
 		}
 	}

 	return nil
 }

 // Walk iterates through all metadata Info for the stored snapshots and calls the provided function for each.
 func (s *Snapshotter) Walk(ctx context.Context, fn snapshots.WalkFunc, fs ...string) error {
 	log.G(ctx).Debug("walk")
 	return s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, false, func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return storage.WalkInfo(ctx, fn, fs...)
 	})
 }

 // ResetPool deactivates and deletes all thin devices in thin-pool.
 // Used for cleaning pool after benchmarking.
 func (s *Snapshotter) ResetPool(ctx context.Context) error {
 	names, err := s.pool.metadata.GetDeviceNames(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	var result []error
 	for _, name := range names {
 		if err := s.pool.RemoveDevice(ctx, name); err != nil {
 			result = append(result, err)
 		}
 	}

 	return errors.Join(result...)
 }

 // Close releases devmapper snapshotter resources.
 // All subsequent Close calls will be ignored.
 func (s *Snapshotter) Close() error {
 	log.L.Debug("close")

 	var result []error
 	s.closeOnce.Do(func() {
 		for _, fn := range s.cleanupFn {
 			if err := fn(); err != nil {
 				result = append(result, err)
 			}
 		}
 	})

 	return errors.Join(result...)
 }

 func (s *Snapshotter) createSnapshot(ctx context.Context, kind snapshots.Kind, key, parent string, opts ...snapshots.Opt) ([]mount.Mount, error) {
 	var fileSystemType fsType

 	// For snapshots with no parents, we use file system type as configured in config.
 	// For snapshots with parents, we inherit the file system type. We use the same
 	// file system type derived here for building mount points later.
 	fsLabel := make(map[string]string)
 	if len(parent) == 0 {
 		fileSystemType = s.config.FileSystemType
 	} else {
 		_, snapInfo, _, err := storage.GetInfo(ctx, parent)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.G(ctx).Errorf("failed to read snapshotInfo for %s", parent)
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		fileSystemType = fsType(snapInfo.Labels[devmapperSnapshotFsType])
 		if fileSystemType == "" {
 			// For parent snapshots created without label support, we can assume that
 			// they are ext4 type. Children of parents with no label for fsType will
 			// now have correct label and committed snapshots from them will carry fs type
 			// label. TODO: find out if it is better to update the parent's label with
 			// fsType as ext4.
 			fileSystemType = fsTypeExt4
 		}
 	}
 	fsLabel[devmapperSnapshotFsType] = string(fileSystemType)
 	opts = append(opts, snapshots.WithLabels(fsLabel))

 	snap, err := storage.CreateSnapshot(ctx, kind, key, parent, opts...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

 	if len(snap.ParentIDs) == 0 {
 		fsOptions := ""
 		deviceName := s.getDeviceName(snap.ID)
 		log.G(ctx).Debugf("creating new thin device '%s'", deviceName)

 		err := s.pool.CreateThinDevice(ctx, deviceName, s.config.BaseImageSizeBytes)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Errorf("failed to create thin device for snapshot %s", snap.ID)
 			return nil, err
 		}

 		if s.config.FileSystemType == fsTypeExt4 && s.config.FsOptions == "" {
 			// Explicitly disable lazy_itable_init and lazy_journal_init in order to enable lazy initialization.
 			fsOptions = "nodiscard,lazy_itable_init=0,lazy_journal_init=0"
 		} else {
 			fsOptions = s.config.FsOptions
 		}
 		log.G(ctx).Debugf("Creating file system of type: %s with options: %s for thin device %q", s.config.FileSystemType, fsOptions, deviceName)
 		if err := mkfs(ctx, s.config.FileSystemType, fsOptions, dmsetup.GetFullDevicePath(deviceName)); err != nil {
 			errs := []error{err}
 			status, sErr := dmsetup.Status(s.pool.poolName)
 			if sErr != nil {
 				errs = append(errs, sErr)
 			}

 			// Rollback thin device creation if mkfs failed
 			log.G(ctx).WithError(errors.Join(errs...)).Errorf("failed to initialize thin device %q for snapshot %s pool status %s", deviceName, snap.ID, status.RawOutput)
 			return nil, errors.Join(append(errs, s.pool.RemoveDevice(ctx, deviceName))...)
 		}
 	} else {
 		parentDeviceName := s.getDeviceName(snap.ParentIDs[0])
 		snapDeviceName := s.getDeviceName(snap.ID)

 		log.G(ctx).Debugf("creating snapshot device '%s' from '%s' with fsType: '%s'", snapDeviceName, parentDeviceName, fileSystemType)

 		err = s.pool.CreateSnapshotDevice(ctx, parentDeviceName, snapDeviceName, s.config.BaseImageSizeBytes)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Errorf("failed to create snapshot device from parent %s", parentDeviceName)
 			return nil, err
 		}
 	}

 	mounts := s.buildMounts(ctx, snap, fileSystemType)

 	// Remove default directories not expected by the container image
 	_ = mount.WithTempMount(ctx, mounts, func(root string) error {
 		return os.Remove(filepath.Join(root, "lost+found"))
 	})

 	return mounts, nil
 }

 // mkfs creates filesystem on the given devmapper device based on type
 // specified in config.
 func mkfs(ctx context.Context, fs fsType, fsOptions string, path string) error {
 	mkfsCommand := ""
 	var args []string

 	switch fs {
 	case fsTypeExt4:
 		mkfsCommand = "mkfs.ext4"
 		args = []string{
 			"-E",
 			fsOptions,
 			path,
 		}
 	case fsTypeExt2:
 		mkfsCommand = "mkfs.ext2"
 		args = []string{
 			"-E",
 			fsOptions,
 			path,
 		}
 	case fsTypeXFS:
 		mkfsCommand = "mkfs.xfs"
 		args = []string{
 			path,
 		}
 	default:
 		return errors.New("file system not supported")
 	}

 	log.G(ctx).Debugf("%s %s", mkfsCommand, strings.Join(args, " "))
 	b, err := exec.Command(mkfsCommand, args...).CombinedOutput()
 	out := string(b)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%s couldn't initialize %q: %s: %w", mkfsCommand, path, out, err)
 	}

 	log.G(ctx).Debugf("mkfs:\n%s", out)
 	return nil
 }

 func (s *Snapshotter) getDeviceName(snapID string) string {
 	// Add pool name as prefix to avoid collisions with devices from other pools
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s-snap-%s", s.config.PoolName, snapID)
 }

 func (s *Snapshotter) getDevicePath(snap storage.Snapshot) string {
 	name := s.getDeviceName(snap.ID)
 	return dmsetup.GetFullDevicePath(name)
 }

 func (s *Snapshotter) buildMounts(ctx context.Context, snap storage.Snapshot, fileSystemType fsType) []mount.Mount {
 	var options []string

 	switch fileSystemType {
 	case "":
 		log.G(ctx).Error("File system type cannot be empty")
 		return nil
 	case fsTypeXFS:
 		options = append(options, "nouuid")
 	}
 	if snap.Kind != snapshots.KindActive {
 		options = append(options, "ro")
 	}

 	mounts := []mount.Mount{
 		{
 			Source:  s.getDevicePath(snap),
 			Type:    string(fileSystemType),
 			Options: options,
 		},
 	}

 	return mounts
 }

 // Cleanup cleans up all removed and unused resources
 func (s *Snapshotter) Cleanup(ctx context.Context) error {
 	log.G(ctx).Debug("cleanup")

 	var removedDevices []*DeviceInfo

 	if !s.config.AsyncRemove {
 		return nil
 	}

 	if err := s.pool.WalkDevices(ctx, func(info *DeviceInfo) error {
 		if info.State == Removed {
 			removedDevices = append(removedDevices, info)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}); err != nil {
 		log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Error("failed to query devices from metastore")
 		return err
 	}

 	var result []error
 	for _, dev := range removedDevices {
 		log.G(ctx).WithField("device", dev.Name).Debug("cleanup device")
 		if err := s.pool.RemoveDevice(ctx, dev.Name); err != nil {
 			log.G(ctx).WithField("device", dev.Name).Error("failed to cleanup device")
 			result = append(result, err)
 		} else {
 			log.G(ctx).WithField("device", dev.Name).Debug("cleanuped device")
 		}
 	}

 	return errors.Join(result...)
 }
	//go:build linux

	/*
	Copyright The containerd Authors.

	Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	You may obtain a copy of the License at

	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

	Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	limitations under the License.
	*/

	package devmapper

	import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"os/exec"
	"path/filepath"
	"strings"
	"sync"

	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/mount"
	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/snapshots"
	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/core/snapshots/storage"
	"github.com/containerd/containerd/v2/plugins/snapshots/devmapper/dmsetup"
	"github.com/containerd/errdefs"
	"github.com/containerd/log"
	)

	type fsType string

	const (
	fsTypeExt4 fsType = "ext4"
	fsTypeExt2 fsType = "ext2"
	fsTypeXFS fsType = "xfs"
	)

	const (
	metadataFileName = "metadata.db"
	devmapperSnapshotFsType = "containerd.io/snapshot/devmapper/fstype"
	)

	type closeFunc func() error

	// Snapshotter implements containerd's snapshotter (https://godoc.org/github.com/containerd/containerd/snapshots#Snapshotter)
	// based on Linux device-mapper targets.
	type Snapshotter struct {
	store *storage.MetaStore
	pool *PoolDevice
	config *Config
	cleanupFn []closeFunc
	closeOnce sync.Once
	}

	// NewSnapshotter creates new device mapper snapshotter.
	// Internally it creates thin-pool device (or reloads if it's already exists) and
	// initializes a database file for metadata.
	func NewSnapshotter(ctx context.Context, config Config) (Snapshotter, error) {
	// Make sure snapshotter configuration valid before running
	if err := config.parse(); err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}

	if err := config.Validate(); err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}

	var cleanupFn []closeFunc

	if err := os.MkdirAll(config.RootPath, 0750); err != nil && !os.IsExist(err) {
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create root directory: %s: %w", config.RootPath, err)
	}

	store, err := storage.NewMetaStore(filepath.Join(config.RootPath, metadataFileName))
	if err != nil {
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create metastore: %w", err)
	}

	cleanupFn = append(cleanupFn, store.Close)

	poolDevice, err := NewPoolDevice(ctx, config)
	if err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}

	cleanupFn = append(cleanupFn, poolDevice.Close)

	return &Snapshotter{
	store: store,
	config: config,
	pool: poolDevice,
	cleanupFn: cleanupFn,
	}, nil
	}

	// Stat returns the info for an active or committed snapshot from store
	func (s *Snapshotter) Stat(ctx context.Context, key string) (snapshots.Info, error) {
	log.G(ctx).WithField("key", key).Debug("stat")

	var (
	info snapshots.Info
	err error
	)

	err = s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, false, func(ctx context.Context) error {
	_, info, _, err = storage.GetInfo(ctx, key)
	return err
	})

	return info, err
	}

	// Update updates an existing snapshot info's data
	func (s *Snapshotter) Update(ctx context.Context, info snapshots.Info, fieldpaths ...string) (snapshots.Info, error) {
	log.G(ctx).Debugf("update: %s", strings.Join(fieldpaths, ", "))

	var err error
	err = s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, true, func(ctx context.Context) error {
	info, err = storage.UpdateInfo(ctx, info, fieldpaths...)
	return err
	})

	return info, err
	}

	// Usage returns the resource usage of an active or committed snapshot excluding the usage of parent snapshots.
	func (s *Snapshotter) Usage(ctx context.Context, key string) (snapshots.Usage, error) {
	log.G(ctx).WithField("key", key).Debug("usage")

	var (
	id string
	err error
	info snapshots.Info
	usage snapshots.Usage
	)

	err = s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, false, func(ctx context.Context) error {
	id, info, usage, err = storage.GetInfo(ctx, key)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}

	if info.Kind == snapshots.KindActive {
	deviceName := s.getDeviceName(id)
	usage.Size, err = s.pool.GetUsage(deviceName)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}
	}

	if info.Parent != "" {
	// GetInfo returns total number of bytes used by a snapshot (including parent).
	// So subtract parent usage in order to get delta consumed by layer itself.
	_, _, parentUsage, err := storage.GetInfo(ctx, info.Parent)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}

	usage.Size -= parentUsage.Size
	}

	return err
	})

	return usage, err
	}

	// Mounts return the list of mounts for the active or view snapshot
	func (s *Snapshotter) Mounts(ctx context.Context, key string) ([]mount.Mount, error) {
	log.G(ctx).WithField("key", key).Debug("mounts")

	var (
	snap storage.Snapshot
	err error
	)

	err = s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, false, func(ctx context.Context) error {
	snap, err = storage.GetSnapshot(ctx, key)
	return err
	})

	snapInfo, err := s.Stat(ctx, key)
	if err != nil {
	log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Errorf("cannot retrieve snapshot info for key %s", key)
	return nil, err
	}

	return s.buildMounts(ctx, snap, fsType(snapInfo.Labels[devmapperSnapshotFsType])), nil
	}

	// Prepare creates thin device for an active snapshot identified by key
	func (s *Snapshotter) Prepare(ctx context.Context, key, parent string, opts ...snapshots.Opt) ([]mount.Mount, error) {
	log.G(ctx).WithFields(log.Fields{"key": key, "parent": parent}).Debug("prepare")

	var (
	mounts []mount.Mount
	err error
	)

	err = s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, true, func(ctx context.Context) error {
	mounts, err = s.createSnapshot(ctx, snapshots.KindActive, key, parent, opts...)
	return err
	})

	return mounts, err
	}

	// View creates readonly thin device for the given snapshot key
	func (s *Snapshotter) View(ctx context.Context, key, parent string, opts ...snapshots.Opt) ([]mount.Mount, error) {
	log.G(ctx).WithFields(log.Fields{"key": key, "parent": parent}).Debug("view")

	var (
	mounts []mount.Mount
	err error
	)

	err = s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, true, func(ctx context.Context) error {
	mounts, err = s.createSnapshot(ctx, snapshots.KindView, key, parent, opts...)
	return err
	})

	return mounts, err
	}

	// Commit marks an active snapshot as committed in meta store.
	// Block device unmount operation captures snapshot changes by itself, so no
	// additional actions needed within Commit operation.
	func (s *Snapshotter) Commit(ctx context.Context, name, key string, opts ...snapshots.Opt) error {
	log.G(ctx).WithFields(log.Fields{"name": name, "key": key}).Debug("commit")

	return s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, true, func(ctx context.Context) error {
	id, snapInfo, _, err := storage.GetInfo(ctx, key)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}

	deviceName := s.getDeviceName(id)
	size, err := s.pool.GetUsage(deviceName)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}

	usage := snapshots.Usage{
	Size: size,
	}

	// Add file system type label if present. In case more than one file system
	// type is supported file system type from parent will be used for creating
	// snapshot.
	fsTypeActive := snapInfo.Labels[devmapperSnapshotFsType]
	if fsTypeActive != "" {
	fsLabel := make(map[string]string)
	fsLabel[devmapperSnapshotFsType] = fsTypeActive
	opts = append(opts, snapshots.WithLabels(fsLabel))
	}
	_, err = storage.CommitActive(ctx, key, name, usage, opts...)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}

	// After committed, the snapshot device will not be directly
	// used anymore. We'd better deactivate it to make it invisible
	// in userspace, so that tools like LVM2 and fdisk cannot touch it,
	// and avoid useless IOs on it.
	//
	// Before deactivation, we need to flush the outstanding IO by suspend.
	// Afterward, we resume it again to prevent a race window which may cause
	// a process IO hang. See the issue below for details:
	// (https://github.com/containerd/containerd/issues/4234)
	err = s.pool.SuspendDevice(ctx, deviceName)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}

	err = s.pool.ResumeDevice(ctx, deviceName)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}

	return s.pool.DeactivateDevice(ctx, deviceName, true, false)
	})
	}

	// Remove removes thin device and snapshot metadata by key
	func (s *Snapshotter) Remove(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
	log.G(ctx).WithField("key", key).Debug("remove")

	return s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, true, func(ctx context.Context) error {
	return s.removeDevice(ctx, key)
	})
	}

	func (s *Snapshotter) removeDevice(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
	snapID, _, err := storage.Remove(ctx, key)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}

	deviceName := s.getDeviceName(snapID)
	if !s.config.AsyncRemove {
	if err := s.pool.RemoveDevice(ctx, deviceName); err != nil {
	log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Error("failed to remove device")
	// Tell snapshot GC continue to collect other snapshots.
	// Otherwise, one snapshot collection failure will stop
	// the GC, and all snapshots won't be collected even though
	// having no relationship with the failed one.
	return errdefs.ErrFailedPrecondition
	}
	} else {
	// The asynchronous cleanup will do the real device remove work.
	log.G(ctx).WithField("device", deviceName).Debug("async remove")
	if err := s.pool.MarkDeviceState(ctx, deviceName, Removed); err != nil {
	log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Error("failed to mark device as removed")
	return err
	}
	}

	return nil
	}

	// Walk iterates through all metadata Info for the stored snapshots and calls the provided function for each.
	func (s *Snapshotter) Walk(ctx context.Context, fn snapshots.WalkFunc, fs ...string) error {
	log.G(ctx).Debug("walk")
	return s.store.WithTransaction(ctx, false, func(ctx context.Context) error {
	return storage.WalkInfo(ctx, fn, fs...)
	})
	}

	// ResetPool deactivates and deletes all thin devices in thin-pool.
	// Used for cleaning pool after benchmarking.
	func (s *Snapshotter) ResetPool(ctx context.Context) error {
	names, err := s.pool.metadata.GetDeviceNames(ctx)
	if err != nil {
	return err
	}

	var result []error
	for _, name := range names {
	if err := s.pool.RemoveDevice(ctx, name); err != nil {
	result = append(result, err)
	}
	}

	return errors.Join(result...)
	}

	// Close releases devmapper snapshotter resources.
	// All subsequent Close calls will be ignored.
	func (s *Snapshotter) Close() error {
	log.L.Debug("close")

	var result []error
	s.closeOnce.Do(func() {
	for _, fn := range s.cleanupFn {
	if err := fn(); err != nil {
	result = append(result, err)
	}
	}
	})

	return errors.Join(result...)
	}

	func (s *Snapshotter) createSnapshot(ctx context.Context, kind snapshots.Kind, key, parent string, opts ...snapshots.Opt) ([]mount.Mount, error) {
	var fileSystemType fsType

	// For snapshots with no parents, we use file system type as configured in config.
	// For snapshots with parents, we inherit the file system type. We use the same
	// file system type derived here for building mount points later.
	fsLabel := make(map[string]string)
	if len(parent) == 0 {
	fileSystemType = s.config.FileSystemType
	} else {
	_, snapInfo, _, err := storage.GetInfo(ctx, parent)
	if err != nil {
	log.G(ctx).Errorf("failed to read snapshotInfo for %s", parent)
	return nil, err
	}
	fileSystemType = fsType(snapInfo.Labels[devmapperSnapshotFsType])
	if fileSystemType == "" {
	// For parent snapshots created without label support, we can assume that
	// they are ext4 type. Children of parents with no label for fsType will
	// now have correct label and committed snapshots from them will carry fs type
	// label. TODO: find out if it is better to update the parent's label with
	// fsType as ext4.
	fileSystemType = fsTypeExt4
	}
	}
	fsLabel[devmapperSnapshotFsType] = string(fileSystemType)
	opts = append(opts, snapshots.WithLabels(fsLabel))

	snap, err := storage.CreateSnapshot(ctx, kind, key, parent, opts...)
	if err != nil {
	return nil, err
	}

	if len(snap.ParentIDs) == 0 {
	fsOptions := ""
	deviceName := s.getDeviceName(snap.ID)
	log.G(ctx).Debugf("creating new thin device '%s'", deviceName)

	err := s.pool.CreateThinDevice(ctx, deviceName, s.config.BaseImageSizeBytes)
	if err != nil {
	log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Errorf("failed to create thin device for snapshot %s", snap.ID)
	return nil, err
	}

	if s.config.FileSystemType == fsTypeExt4 && s.config.FsOptions == "" {
	// Explicitly disable lazy_itable_init and lazy_journal_init in order to enable lazy initialization.
	fsOptions = "nodiscard,lazy_itable_init=0,lazy_journal_init=0"
	} else {
	fsOptions = s.config.FsOptions
	}
	log.G(ctx).Debugf("Creating file system of type: %s with options: %s for thin device %q", s.config.FileSystemType, fsOptions, deviceName)
	if err := mkfs(ctx, s.config.FileSystemType, fsOptions, dmsetup.GetFullDevicePath(deviceName)); err != nil {
	errs := []error{err}
	status, sErr := dmsetup.Status(s.pool.poolName)
	if sErr != nil {
	errs = append(errs, sErr)
	}

	// Rollback thin device creation if mkfs failed
	log.G(ctx).WithError(errors.Join(errs...)).Errorf("failed to initialize thin device %q for snapshot %s pool status %s", deviceName, snap.ID, status.RawOutput)
	return nil, errors.Join(append(errs, s.pool.RemoveDevice(ctx, deviceName))...)
	}
	} else {
	parentDeviceName := s.getDeviceName(snap.ParentIDs[0])
	snapDeviceName := s.getDeviceName(snap.ID)

	log.G(ctx).Debugf("creating snapshot device '%s' from '%s' with fsType: '%s'", snapDeviceName, parentDeviceName, fileSystemType)

	err = s.pool.CreateSnapshotDevice(ctx, parentDeviceName, snapDeviceName, s.config.BaseImageSizeBytes)
	if err != nil {
	log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Errorf("failed to create snapshot device from parent %s", parentDeviceName)
	return nil, err
	}
	}

	mounts := s.buildMounts(ctx, snap, fileSystemType)

	// Remove default directories not expected by the container image
	_ = mount.WithTempMount(ctx, mounts, func(root string) error {
	return os.Remove(filepath.Join(root, "lost+found"))
	})

	return mounts, nil
	}

	// mkfs creates filesystem on the given devmapper device based on type
	// specified in config.
	func mkfs(ctx context.Context, fs fsType, fsOptions string, path string) error {
	mkfsCommand := ""
	var args []string

	switch fs {
	case fsTypeExt4:
	mkfsCommand = "mkfs.ext4"
	args = []string{
	"-E",
	fsOptions,
	path,
	}
	case fsTypeExt2:
	mkfsCommand = "mkfs.ext2"
	args = []string{
	"-E",
	fsOptions,
	path,
	}
	case fsTypeXFS:
	mkfsCommand = "mkfs.xfs"
	args = []string{
	path,
	}
	default:
	return errors.New("file system not supported")
	}

	log.G(ctx).Debugf("%s %s", mkfsCommand, strings.Join(args, " "))
	b, err := exec.Command(mkfsCommand, args...).CombinedOutput()
	out := string(b)
	if err != nil {
	return fmt.Errorf("%s couldn't initialize %q: %s: %w", mkfsCommand, path, out, err)
	}

	log.G(ctx).Debugf("mkfs:\n%s", out)
	return nil
	}

	func (s *Snapshotter) getDeviceName(snapID string) string {
	// Add pool name as prefix to avoid collisions with devices from other pools
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s-snap-%s", s.config.PoolName, snapID)
	}

	func (s *Snapshotter) getDevicePath(snap storage.Snapshot) string {
	name := s.getDeviceName(snap.ID)
	return dmsetup.GetFullDevicePath(name)
	}

	func (s *Snapshotter) buildMounts(ctx context.Context, snap storage.Snapshot, fileSystemType fsType) []mount.Mount {
	var options []string

	switch fileSystemType {
	case "":
	log.G(ctx).Error("File system type cannot be empty")
	return nil
	case fsTypeXFS:
	options = append(options, "nouuid")
	}
	if snap.Kind != snapshots.KindActive {
	options = append(options, "ro")
	}

	mounts := []mount.Mount{
	{
	Source: s.getDevicePath(snap),
	Type: string(fileSystemType),
	Options: options,
	},
	}

	return mounts
	}

	// Cleanup cleans up all removed and unused resources
	func (s *Snapshotter) Cleanup(ctx context.Context) error {
	log.G(ctx).Debug("cleanup")

	var removedDevices []*DeviceInfo

	if !s.config.AsyncRemove {
	return nil
	}

	if err := s.pool.WalkDevices(ctx, func(info *DeviceInfo) error {
	if info.State == Removed {
	removedDevices = append(removedDevices, info)
	}
	return nil
	}); err != nil {
	log.G(ctx).WithError(err).Error("failed to query devices from metastore")
	return err
	}

	var result []error
	for _, dev := range removedDevices {
	log.G(ctx).WithField("device", dev.Name).Debug("cleanup device")
	if err := s.pool.RemoveDevice(ctx, dev.Name); err != nil {
	log.G(ctx).WithField("device", dev.Name).Error("failed to cleanup device")
	result = append(result, err)
	} else {
	log.G(ctx).WithField("device", dev.Name).Debug("cleanuped device")
	}
	}

	return errors.Join(result...)
	}