.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

====================================================================
Notes on Oxford Semiconductor PCIe (Tornado) 950 serial port devices
====================================================================

Oxford Semiconductor PCIe (Tornado) 950 serial port devices are driven
by a fixed 62.5MHz clock input derived from the 100MHz PCI Express clock.

The baud rate produced by the baud generator is obtained from this input
frequency by dividing it by the clock prescaler, which can be set to any
value from 1 to 63.875 in increments of 0.125, and then the usual 16-bit
divisor is used as with the original 8250, to divide the frequency by a
value from 1 to 65535.  Finally a programmable oversampling rate is used
that can take any value from 4 to 16 to divide the frequency further and
determine the actual baud rate used.  Baud rates from 15625000bps down
to 0.933bps can be obtained this way.

By default the oversampling rate is set to 16 and the clock prescaler is
set to 33.875, meaning that the frequency to be used as the reference
for the usual 16-bit divisor is 115313.653, which is close enough to the
frequency of 115200 used by the original 8250 for the same values to be
used for the divisor to obtain the requested baud rates by software that
is unaware of the extra clock controls available.

The oversampling rate is programmed with the TCR register and the clock
prescaler is programmed with the CPR/CPR2 register pair[1][2][3][4].
To switch away from the default value of 33.875 for the prescaler the
the enhanced mode has to be explicitly enabled though, by setting bit 4
of the EFR.  In that mode setting bit 7 in the MCR enables the prescaler
or otherwise it is bypassed as if the value of 1 was used.  Additionally
writing any value to CPR clears CPR2 for compatibility with old software
written for older conventional PCI Oxford Semiconductor devices that do
not have the extra prescaler's 9th bit in CPR2, so the CPR/CPR2 register
pair has to be programmed in the right order.

By using these parameters rates from 15625000bps down to 1bps can be
obtained, with either exact or highly-accurate actual bit rates for
standard and many non-standard rates.

Here are the figures for the standard and some non-standard baud rates
(including those quoted in Oxford Semiconductor documentation), giving
the requested rate (r), the actual rate yielded (a) and its deviation
from the requested rate (d), and the values of the oversampling rate
(tcr), the clock prescaler (cpr) and the divisor (div) produced by the
new `get_divisor' handler:

r: 15625000, a: 15625000.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr:  4, cpr:  1.000, div:     1
r: 12500000, a: 12500000.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr:  5, cpr:  1.000, div:     1
r: 10416666, a: 10416666.67, d:  0.0000%, tcr:  6, cpr:  1.000, div:     1
r:  8928571, a:  8928571.43, d:  0.0000%, tcr:  7, cpr:  1.000, div:     1
r:  7812500, a:  7812500.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr:  8, cpr:  1.000, div:     1
r:  4000000, a:  4000000.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr:  5, cpr:  3.125, div:     1
r:  3686400, a:  3676470.59, d: -0.2694%, tcr:  8, cpr:  2.125, div:     1
r:  3500000, a:  3496503.50, d: -0.0999%, tcr: 13, cpr:  1.375, div:     1
r:  3000000, a:  2976190.48, d: -0.7937%, tcr: 14, cpr:  1.500, div:     1
r:  2500000, a:  2500000.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 10, cpr:  2.500, div:     1
r:  2000000, a:  2000000.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 10, cpr:  3.125, div:     1
r:  1843200, a:  1838235.29, d: -0.2694%, tcr: 16, cpr:  2.125, div:     1
r:  1500000, a:  1492537.31, d: -0.4975%, tcr:  5, cpr:  8.375, div:     1
r:  1152000, a:  1152073.73, d:  0.0064%, tcr: 14, cpr:  3.875, div:     1
r:   921600, a:   919117.65, d: -0.2694%, tcr: 16, cpr:  2.125, div:     2
r:   576000, a:   576036.87, d:  0.0064%, tcr: 14, cpr:  3.875, div:     2
r:   460800, a:   460829.49, d:  0.0064%, tcr:  7, cpr:  3.875, div:     5
r:   230400, a:   230414.75, d:  0.0064%, tcr: 14, cpr:  3.875, div:     5
r:   115200, a:   115207.37, d:  0.0064%, tcr: 14, cpr:  1.250, div:    31
r:    57600, a:    57603.69, d:  0.0064%, tcr:  8, cpr:  3.875, div:    35
r:    38400, a:    38402.46, d:  0.0064%, tcr: 14, cpr:  3.875, div:    30
r:    19200, a:    19201.23, d:  0.0064%, tcr:  8, cpr:  3.875, div:   105
r:     9600, a:     9600.06, d:  0.0006%, tcr:  9, cpr:  1.125, div:   643
r:     4800, a:     4799.98, d: -0.0004%, tcr:  7, cpr:  2.875, div:   647
r:     2400, a:     2400.02, d:  0.0008%, tcr:  9, cpr:  2.250, div:  1286
r:     1200, a:     1200.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 14, cpr:  2.875, div:  1294
r:      300, a:      300.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 11, cpr:  2.625, div:  7215
r:      200, a:      200.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 16, cpr:  1.250, div: 15625
r:      150, a:      150.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 13, cpr:  2.250, div: 14245
r:      134, a:      134.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 11, cpr:  2.625, div: 16153
r:      110, a:      110.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 12, cpr:  1.000, div: 47348
r:       75, a:       75.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr:  4, cpr:  5.875, div: 35461
r:       50, a:       50.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 16, cpr:  1.250, div: 62500
r:       25, a:       25.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 16, cpr:  2.500, div: 62500
r:        4, a:        4.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 16, cpr: 20.000, div: 48828
r:        2, a:        2.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 16, cpr: 40.000, div: 48828
r:        1, a:        1.00, d:  0.0000%, tcr: 16, cpr: 63.875, div: 61154

With the baud base set to 15625000 and the unsigned 16-bit UART_DIV_MAX
limitation imposed by `serial8250_get_baud_rate' standard baud rates
below 300bps become unavailable in the regular way, e.g. the rate of
200bps requires the baud base to be divided by 78125 and that is beyond
the unsigned 16-bit range.  The historic spd_cust feature can still be
used by encoding the values for, the prescaler, the oversampling rate
and the clock divisor (DLM/DLL) as follows to obtain such rates if so
required:

 31 29 28             20 19   16 15                            0
+-----+-----------------+-------+-------------------------------+
|0 0 0|    CPR2:CPR     |  TCR  |            DLM:DLL            |
+-----+-----------------+-------+-------------------------------+

Use a value such encoded for the `custom_divisor' field along with the
ASYNC_SPD_CUST flag set in the `flags' field in `struct serial_struct'
passed with the TIOCSSERIAL ioctl(2), such as with the setserial(8)
utility and its `divisor' and `spd_cust' parameters, and the select
the baud rate of 38400bps.  Note that the value of 0 in TCR sets the
oversampling rate to 16 and prescaler values below 1 in CPR2/CPR are
clamped by the driver to 1.

For example the value of 0x1f4004e2 will set CPR2/CPR, TCR and DLM/DLL
respectively to 0x1f4, 0x0 and 0x04e2, choosing the prescaler value,
the oversampling rate and the clock divisor of 62.500, 16 and 1250
respectively.  These parameters will set the baud rate for the serial
port to 62500000 / 62.500 / 1250 / 16 = 50bps.

References:

[1] "OXPCIe200 PCI Express Multi-Port Bridge", Oxford Semiconductor,
    Inc., DS-0045, 10 Nov 2008, Section "950 Mode", pp. 64-65

[2] "OXPCIe952 PCI Express Bridge to Dual Serial & Parallel Port",
    Oxford Semiconductor, Inc., DS-0046, Mar 06 08, Section "950 Mode",
    p. 20

[3] "OXPCIe954 PCI Express Bridge to Quad Serial Port", Oxford
    Semiconductor, Inc., DS-0047, Feb 08, Section "950 Mode", p. 20

[4] "OXPCIe958 PCI Express Bridge to Octal Serial Port", Oxford
    Semiconductor, Inc., DS-0048, Feb 08, Section "950 Mode", p. 20

Maciej W. Rozycki  <macro@orcam.me.uk>