elftools/construct/macros.py - mirrors/cros/chromiumos/third_party/pyelftools - Git at Google

 from .lib.py3compat import int2byte
 from .lib import (BitStreamReader, BitStreamWriter, encode_bin,
     decode_bin)
 from .core import (Struct, MetaField, StaticField, FormatField,
     OnDemand, Pointer, Switch, Value, RepeatUntil, MetaArray, Sequence, Range,
     Select, Pass, SizeofError, Buffered, Restream, Reconfig)
 from .adapters import (BitIntegerAdapter, PaddingAdapter,
     ConstAdapter, CStringAdapter, LengthValueAdapter, IndexingAdapter,
     PaddedStringAdapter, FlagsAdapter, StringAdapter, MappingAdapter)


 #===============================================================================
 # fields
 #===============================================================================
 def Field(name, length):
     """
     A field consisting of a specified number of bytes.

     :param str name: the name of the field
     :param length: the length of the field. the length can be either an integer
       (StaticField), or a function that takes the context as an argument and
       returns the length (MetaField)
     """
     if callable(length):
         return MetaField(name, length)
     else:
         return StaticField(name, length)

 def BitField(name, length, swapped = False, signed = False, bytesize = 8):
     """
     BitFields, as the name suggests, are fields that operate on raw, unaligned
     bits, and therefore must be enclosed in a BitStruct. Using them is very
     similar to all normal fields: they take a name and a length (in bits).

     :param str name: name of the field
     :param int length: number of bits in the field, or a function that takes
                        the context as its argument and returns the length
     :param bool swapped: whether the value is byte-swapped
     :param bool signed: whether the value is signed
     :param int bytesize: number of bits per byte, for byte-swapping

     >>> foo = BitStruct("foo",
     ...     BitField("a", 3),
     ...     Flag("b"),
     ...     Padding(3),
     ...     Nibble("c"),
     ...     BitField("d", 5),
     ... )
     >>> foo.parse("\\xe1\\x1f")
     Container(a = 7, b = False, c = 8, d = 31)
     >>> foo = BitStruct("foo",
     ...     BitField("a", 3),
     ...     Flag("b"),
     ...     Padding(3),
     ...     Nibble("c"),
     ...     Struct("bar",
     ...             Nibble("d"),
     ...             Bit("e"),
     ...     )
     ... )
     >>> foo.parse("\\xe1\\x1f")
     Container(a = 7, b = False, bar = Container(d = 15, e = 1), c = 8)
     """

     return BitIntegerAdapter(Field(name, length),
         length,
         swapped=swapped,
         signed=signed,
         bytesize=bytesize
     )

 def Padding(length, pattern = "\x00", strict = False):
     r"""a padding field (value is discarded)
     * length - the length of the field. the length can be either an integer,
       or a function that takes the context as an argument and returns the
       length
     * pattern - the padding pattern (character) to use. default is "\x00"
     * strict - whether or not to raise an exception is the actual padding
       pattern mismatches the desired pattern. default is False.
     """
     return PaddingAdapter(Field(None, length),
         pattern = pattern,
         strict = strict,
     )

 def Flag(name, truth = 1, falsehood = 0, default = False):
     """
     A flag.

     Flags are usually used to signify a Boolean value, and this construct
     maps values onto the ``bool`` type.

     .. note:: This construct works with both bit and byte contexts.

     .. warning:: Flags default to False, not True. This is different from the
         C and Python way of thinking about truth, and may be subject to change
         in the future.

     :param str name: field name
     :param int truth: value of truth (default 1)
     :param int falsehood: value of falsehood (default 0)
     :param bool default: default value (default False)
     """

     return SymmetricMapping(Field(name, 1),
         {True : int2byte(truth), False : int2byte(falsehood)},
         default = default,
     )

 #===============================================================================
 # field shortcuts
 #===============================================================================
 def Bit(name):
     """a 1-bit BitField; must be enclosed in a BitStruct"""
     return BitField(name, 1)
 def Nibble(name):
     """a 4-bit BitField; must be enclosed in a BitStruct"""
     return BitField(name, 4)
 def Octet(name):
     """an 8-bit BitField; must be enclosed in a BitStruct"""
     return BitField(name, 8)

 def UBInt8(name):
     """unsigned, big endian 8-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, ">", "B")
 def UBInt16(name):
     """unsigned, big endian 16-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, ">", "H")
 def UBInt32(name):
     """unsigned, big endian 32-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, ">", "L")
 def UBInt64(name):
     """unsigned, big endian 64-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, ">", "Q")

 def SBInt8(name):
     """signed, big endian 8-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, ">", "b")
 def SBInt16(name):
     """signed, big endian 16-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, ">", "h")
 def SBInt32(name):
     """signed, big endian 32-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, ">", "l")
 def SBInt64(name):
     """signed, big endian 64-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, ">", "q")

 def ULInt8(name):
     """unsigned, little endian 8-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "<", "B")
 def ULInt16(name):
     """unsigned, little endian 16-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "<", "H")
 def ULInt32(name):
     """unsigned, little endian 32-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "<", "L")
 def ULInt64(name):
     """unsigned, little endian 64-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "<", "Q")

 def SLInt8(name):
     """signed, little endian 8-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "<", "b")
 def SLInt16(name):
     """signed, little endian 16-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "<", "h")
 def SLInt32(name):
     """signed, little endian 32-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "<", "l")
 def SLInt64(name):
     """signed, little endian 64-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "<", "q")

 def UNInt8(name):
     """unsigned, native endianity 8-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "=", "B")
 def UNInt16(name):
     """unsigned, native endianity 16-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "=", "H")
 def UNInt32(name):
     """unsigned, native endianity 32-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "=", "L")
 def UNInt64(name):
     """unsigned, native endianity 64-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "=", "Q")

 def SNInt8(name):
     """signed, native endianity 8-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "=", "b")
 def SNInt16(name):
     """signed, native endianity 16-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "=", "h")
 def SNInt32(name):
     """signed, native endianity 32-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "=", "l")
 def SNInt64(name):
     """signed, native endianity 64-bit integer"""
     return FormatField(name, "=", "q")

 def BFloat32(name):
     """big endian, 32-bit IEEE floating point number"""
     return FormatField(name, ">", "f")
 def LFloat32(name):
     """little endian, 32-bit IEEE floating point number"""
     return FormatField(name, "<", "f")
 def NFloat32(name):
     """native endianity, 32-bit IEEE floating point number"""
     return FormatField(name, "=", "f")

 def BFloat64(name):
     """big endian, 64-bit IEEE floating point number"""
     return FormatField(name, ">", "d")
 def LFloat64(name):
     """little endian, 64-bit IEEE floating point number"""
     return FormatField(name, "<", "d")
 def NFloat64(name):
     """native endianity, 64-bit IEEE floating point number"""
     return FormatField(name, "=", "d")


 #===============================================================================
 # arrays
 #===============================================================================
 def Array(count, subcon):
     """
     Repeats the given unit a fixed number of times.

     :param int count: number of times to repeat
     :param ``Construct`` subcon: construct to repeat

     >>> c = Array(4, UBInt8("foo"))
     >>> c.parse("\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04")
     [1, 2, 3, 4]
     >>> c.parse("\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05\\x06")
     [1, 2, 3, 4]
     >>> c.build([5,6,7,8])
     '\\x05\\x06\\x07\\x08'
     >>> c.build([5,6,7,8,9])
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
     construct.core.RangeError: expected 4..4, found 5
     """

     if callable(count):
         con = MetaArray(count, subcon)
     else:
         con = MetaArray(lambda ctx: count, subcon)
         con._clear_flag(con.FLAG_DYNAMIC)
     return con

 def PrefixedArray(subcon, length_field = UBInt8("length")):
     """an array prefixed by a length field.
     * subcon - the subcon to be repeated
     * length_field - a construct returning an integer
     """
     return LengthValueAdapter(
         Sequence(subcon.name,
             length_field,
             Array(lambda ctx: ctx[length_field.name], subcon),
             nested = False
         )
     )

 def OpenRange(mincount, subcon):
     from sys import maxsize
     return Range(mincount, maxsize, subcon)

 def GreedyRange(subcon):
     """
     Repeats the given unit one or more times.

     :param ``Construct`` subcon: construct to repeat

     >>> from construct import GreedyRange, UBInt8
     >>> c = GreedyRange(UBInt8("foo"))
     >>> c.parse("\\x01")
     [1]
     >>> c.parse("\\x01\\x02\\x03")
     [1, 2, 3]
     >>> c.parse("\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05\\x06")
     [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
     >>> c.parse("")
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
     construct.core.RangeError: expected 1..2147483647, found 0
     >>> c.build([1,2])
     '\\x01\\x02'
     >>> c.build([])
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       ...
     construct.core.RangeError: expected 1..2147483647, found 0
     """

     return OpenRange(1, subcon)

 def OptionalGreedyRange(subcon):
     """
     Repeats the given unit zero or more times. This repeater can't
     fail, as it accepts lists of any length.

     :param ``Construct`` subcon: construct to repeat

     >>> from construct import OptionalGreedyRange, UBInt8
     >>> c = OptionalGreedyRange(UBInt8("foo"))
     >>> c.parse("")
     []
     >>> c.parse("\\x01\\x02")
     [1, 2]
     >>> c.build([])
     ''
     >>> c.build([1,2])
     '\\x01\\x02'
     """

     return OpenRange(0, subcon)


 #===============================================================================
 # subconstructs
 #===============================================================================
 def Optional(subcon):
     """an optional construct. if parsing fails, returns None.
     * subcon - the subcon to optionally parse or build
     """
     return Select(subcon.name, subcon, Pass)

 def Bitwise(subcon):
     """converts the stream to bits, and passes the bitstream to subcon
     * subcon - a bitwise construct (usually BitField)
     """
     # subcons larger than MAX_BUFFER will be wrapped by Restream instead
     # of Buffered. implementation details, don't stick your nose in :)
     MAX_BUFFER = 1024 * 8
     def resizer(length):
         if length & 7:
             raise SizeofError("size must be a multiple of 8", length)
         return length >> 3
     if not subcon._is_flag(subcon.FLAG_DYNAMIC) and subcon.sizeof() < MAX_BUFFER:
         con = Buffered(subcon,
             encoder = decode_bin,
             decoder = encode_bin,
             resizer = resizer
         )
     else:
         con = Restream(subcon,
             stream_reader = BitStreamReader,
             stream_writer = BitStreamWriter,
             resizer = resizer)
     return con

 def Aligned(subcon, modulus = 4, pattern = "\x00"):
     r"""aligns subcon to modulus boundary using padding pattern
     * subcon - the subcon to align
     * modulus - the modulus boundary (default is 4)
     * pattern - the padding pattern (default is \x00)
     """
     if modulus < 2:
         raise ValueError("modulus must be >= 2", modulus)
     def padlength(ctx):
         return (modulus - (subcon._sizeof(ctx) % modulus)) % modulus
     return SeqOfOne(subcon.name,
         subcon,
         # ??????
         # ??????
         # ??????
         # ??????
         Padding(padlength, pattern = pattern),
         nested = False,
     )

 def SeqOfOne(name, *args, **kw):
     """a sequence of one element. only the first element is meaningful, the
     rest are discarded
     * name - the name of the sequence
     * args - subconstructs
     * kw - any keyword arguments to Sequence
     """
     return IndexingAdapter(Sequence(name, *args, **kw), index = 0)

 def Embedded(subcon):
     """embeds a struct into the enclosing struct.
     * subcon - the struct to embed
     """
     return Reconfig(subcon.name, subcon, subcon.FLAG_EMBED)

 def Rename(newname, subcon):
     """renames an existing construct
     * newname - the new name
     * subcon - the subcon to rename
     """
     return Reconfig(newname, subcon)

 def Alias(newname, oldname):
     """creates an alias for an existing element in a struct
     * newname - the new name
     * oldname - the name of an existing element
     """
     return Value(newname, lambda ctx: ctx[oldname])


 #===============================================================================
 # mapping
 #===============================================================================
 def SymmetricMapping(subcon, mapping, default = NotImplemented):
     """defines a symmetrical mapping: a->b, b->a.
     * subcon - the subcon to map
     * mapping - the encoding mapping (a dict); the decoding mapping is
       achieved by reversing this mapping
     * default - the default value to use when no mapping is found. if no
       default value is given, and exception is raised. setting to Pass would
       return the value "as is" (unmapped)
     """
     reversed_mapping = dict((v, k) for k, v in mapping.items())
     return MappingAdapter(subcon,
         encoding = mapping,
         decoding = reversed_mapping,
         encdefault = default,
         decdefault = default,
     )

 def Enum(subcon, **kw):
     """a set of named values mapping.
     * subcon - the subcon to map
     * kw - keyword arguments which serve as the encoding mapping
     * _default_ - an optional, keyword-only argument that specifies the
       default value to use when the mapping is undefined. if not given,
       and exception is raised when the mapping is undefined. use `Pass` to
       pass the unmapped value as-is
     """
     return SymmetricMapping(subcon, kw, kw.pop("_default_", NotImplemented))

 def FlagsEnum(subcon, **kw):
     """a set of flag values mapping.
     * subcon - the subcon to map
     * kw - keyword arguments which serve as the encoding mapping
     """
     return FlagsAdapter(subcon, kw)


 #===============================================================================
 # structs
 #===============================================================================
 def AlignedStruct(name, *subcons, **kw):
     """a struct of aligned fields
     * name - the name of the struct
     * subcons - the subcons that make up this structure
     * kw - keyword arguments to pass to Aligned: 'modulus' and 'pattern'
     """
     return Struct(name, *(Aligned(sc, **kw) for sc in subcons))

 def BitStruct(name, *subcons):
     """a struct of bitwise fields
     * name - the name of the struct
     * subcons - the subcons that make up this structure
     """
     return Bitwise(Struct(name, *subcons))

 def EmbeddedBitStruct(*subcons):
     """an embedded BitStruct. no name is necessary.
     * subcons - the subcons that make up this structure
     """
     return Bitwise(Embedded(Struct(None, *subcons)))

 #===============================================================================
 # strings
 #===============================================================================
 def String(name, length, encoding=None, padchar=None, paddir="right",
     trimdir="right"):
     """
     A configurable, fixed-length string field.

     The padding character must be specified for padding and trimming to work.

     :param str name: name
     :param int length: length, in bytes
     :param str encoding: encoding (e.g. "utf8") or None for no encoding
     :param str padchar: optional character to pad out strings
     :param str paddir: direction to pad out strings; one of "right", "left",
                        or "both"
     :param str trim: direction to trim strings; one of "right", "left"

     >>> from construct import String
     >>> String("foo", 5).parse("hello")
     'hello'
     >>>
     >>> String("foo", 12, encoding = "utf8").parse("hello joh\\xd4\\x83n")
     u'hello joh\\u0503n'
     >>>
     >>> foo = String("foo", 10, padchar = "X", paddir = "right")
     >>> foo.parse("helloXXXXX")
     'hello'
     >>> foo.build("hello")
     'helloXXXXX'
     """

     con = StringAdapter(Field(name, length), encoding=encoding)
     if padchar is not None:
         con = PaddedStringAdapter(con, padchar=padchar, paddir=paddir,
             trimdir=trimdir)
     return con

 def PascalString(name, length_field=UBInt8("length"), encoding=None):
     """
     A length-prefixed string.

     ``PascalString`` is named after the string types of Pascal, which are
     length-prefixed. Lisp strings also follow this convention.

     The length field will appear in the same ``Container`` as the
     ``PascalString``, with the given name.

     :param str name: name
     :param ``Construct`` length_field: a field which will store the length of
                                        the string
     :param str encoding: encoding (e.g. "utf8") or None for no encoding

     >>> foo = PascalString("foo")
     >>> foo.parse("\\x05hello")
     'hello'
     >>> foo.build("hello world")
     '\\x0bhello world'
     >>>
     >>> foo = PascalString("foo", length_field = UBInt16("length"))
     >>> foo.parse("\\x00\\x05hello")
     'hello'
     >>> foo.build("hello")
     '\\x00\\x05hello'
     """

     return StringAdapter(
         LengthValueAdapter(
             Sequence(name,
                 length_field,
                 Field("data", lambda ctx: ctx[length_field.name]),
             )
         ),
         encoding=encoding,
     )

 def CString(name, terminators=b"\x00", encoding=None,
             char_field=Field(None, 1)):
     """
     A string ending in a terminator.

     ``CString`` is similar to the strings of C, C++, and other related
     programming languages.

     By default, the terminator is the NULL byte (b``0x00``).

     :param str name: name
     :param iterable terminators: sequence of valid terminators, in order of
                                  preference
     :param str encoding: encoding (e.g. "utf8") or None for no encoding
     :param ``Construct`` char_field: construct representing a single character

     >>> foo = CString("foo")
     >>> foo.parse(b"hello\\x00")
     b'hello'
     >>> foo.build(b"hello")
     b'hello\\x00'
     >>> foo = CString("foo", terminators = b"XYZ")
     >>> foo.parse(b"helloX")
     b'hello'
     >>> foo.parse(b"helloY")
     b'hello'
     >>> foo.parse(b"helloZ")
     b'hello'
     >>> foo.build(b"hello")
     b'helloX'
     """

     return Rename(name,
         CStringAdapter(
             RepeatUntil(lambda obj, ctx: obj in terminators, char_field),
             terminators=terminators,
             encoding=encoding,
         )
     )


 #===============================================================================
 # conditional
 #===============================================================================
 def IfThenElse(name, predicate, then_subcon, else_subcon):
     """an if-then-else conditional construct: if the predicate indicates True,
     `then_subcon` will be used; otherwise `else_subcon`
     * name - the name of the construct
     * predicate - a function taking the context as an argument and returning
       True or False
     * then_subcon - the subcon that will be used if the predicate returns True
     * else_subcon - the subcon that will be used if the predicate returns False
     """
     return Switch(name, lambda ctx: bool(predicate(ctx)),
         {
             True : then_subcon,
             False : else_subcon,
         }
     )

 def If(predicate, subcon, elsevalue = None):
     """an if-then conditional construct: if the predicate indicates True,
     subcon will be used; otherwise, `elsevalue` will be returned instead.
     * predicate - a function taking the context as an argument and returning
       True or False
     * subcon - the subcon that will be used if the predicate returns True
     * elsevalue - the value that will be used should the predicate return False.
       by default this value is None.
     """
     return IfThenElse(subcon.name,
         predicate,
         subcon,
         Value("elsevalue", lambda ctx: elsevalue)
     )


 #===============================================================================
 # misc
 #===============================================================================
 def OnDemandPointer(offsetfunc, subcon, force_build = True):
     """an on-demand pointer.
     * offsetfunc - a function taking the context as an argument and returning
       the absolute stream position
     * subcon - the subcon that will be parsed from the `offsetfunc()` stream
       position on demand
     * force_build - see OnDemand. by default True.
     """
     return OnDemand(Pointer(offsetfunc, subcon),
         advance_stream = False,
         force_build = force_build
     )

 def Magic(data):
     return ConstAdapter(Field(None, len(data)), data)
	from .lib.py3compat import int2byte
	from .lib import (BitStreamReader, BitStreamWriter, encode_bin,
	decode_bin)
	from .core import (Struct, MetaField, StaticField, FormatField,
	OnDemand, Pointer, Switch, Value, RepeatUntil, MetaArray, Sequence, Range,
	Select, Pass, SizeofError, Buffered, Restream, Reconfig)
	from .adapters import (BitIntegerAdapter, PaddingAdapter,
	ConstAdapter, CStringAdapter, LengthValueAdapter, IndexingAdapter,
	PaddedStringAdapter, FlagsAdapter, StringAdapter, MappingAdapter)


	#===============================================================================
	# fields
	#===============================================================================
	def Field(name, length):
	"""
	A field consisting of a specified number of bytes.

	:param str name: the name of the field
	:param length: the length of the field. the length can be either an integer
	(StaticField), or a function that takes the context as an argument and
	returns the length (MetaField)
	"""
	if callable(length):
	return MetaField(name, length)
	else:
	return StaticField(name, length)

	def BitField(name, length, swapped = False, signed = False, bytesize = 8):
	"""
	BitFields, as the name suggests, are fields that operate on raw, unaligned
	bits, and therefore must be enclosed in a BitStruct. Using them is very
	similar to all normal fields: they take a name and a length (in bits).

	:param str name: name of the field
	:param int length: number of bits in the field, or a function that takes
	the context as its argument and returns the length
	:param bool swapped: whether the value is byte-swapped
	:param bool signed: whether the value is signed
	:param int bytesize: number of bits per byte, for byte-swapping

	>>> foo = BitStruct("foo",
	... BitField("a", 3),
	... Flag("b"),
	... Padding(3),
	... Nibble("c"),
	... BitField("d", 5),
	... )
	>>> foo.parse("\\xe1\\x1f")
	Container(a = 7, b = False, c = 8, d = 31)
	>>> foo = BitStruct("foo",
	... BitField("a", 3),
	... Flag("b"),
	... Padding(3),
	... Nibble("c"),
	... Struct("bar",
	... Nibble("d"),
	... Bit("e"),
	... )
	... )
	>>> foo.parse("\\xe1\\x1f")
	Container(a = 7, b = False, bar = Container(d = 15, e = 1), c = 8)
	"""

	return BitIntegerAdapter(Field(name, length),
	length,
	swapped=swapped,
	signed=signed,
	bytesize=bytesize
	)

	def Padding(length, pattern = "\x00", strict = False):
	r"""a padding field (value is discarded)
	* length - the length of the field. the length can be either an integer,
	or a function that takes the context as an argument and returns the
	length
	* pattern - the padding pattern (character) to use. default is "\x00"
	* strict - whether or not to raise an exception is the actual padding
	pattern mismatches the desired pattern. default is False.
	"""
	return PaddingAdapter(Field(None, length),
	pattern = pattern,
	strict = strict,
	)

	def Flag(name, truth = 1, falsehood = 0, default = False):
	"""
	A flag.

	Flags are usually used to signify a Boolean value, and this construct
	maps values onto the ``bool`` type.

	.. note:: This construct works with both bit and byte contexts.

	.. warning:: Flags default to False, not True. This is different from the
	C and Python way of thinking about truth, and may be subject to change
	in the future.

	:param str name: field name
	:param int truth: value of truth (default 1)
	:param int falsehood: value of falsehood (default 0)
	:param bool default: default value (default False)
	"""

	return SymmetricMapping(Field(name, 1),
	{True : int2byte(truth), False : int2byte(falsehood)},
	default = default,
	)

	#===============================================================================
	# field shortcuts
	#===============================================================================
	def Bit(name):
	"""a 1-bit BitField; must be enclosed in a BitStruct"""
	return BitField(name, 1)
	def Nibble(name):
	"""a 4-bit BitField; must be enclosed in a BitStruct"""
	return BitField(name, 4)
	def Octet(name):
	"""an 8-bit BitField; must be enclosed in a BitStruct"""
	return BitField(name, 8)

	def UBInt8(name):
	"""unsigned, big endian 8-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, ">", "B")
	def UBInt16(name):
	"""unsigned, big endian 16-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, ">", "H")
	def UBInt32(name):
	"""unsigned, big endian 32-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, ">", "L")
	def UBInt64(name):
	"""unsigned, big endian 64-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, ">", "Q")

	def SBInt8(name):
	"""signed, big endian 8-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, ">", "b")
	def SBInt16(name):
	"""signed, big endian 16-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, ">", "h")
	def SBInt32(name):
	"""signed, big endian 32-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, ">", "l")
	def SBInt64(name):
	"""signed, big endian 64-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, ">", "q")

	def ULInt8(name):
	"""unsigned, little endian 8-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "<", "B")
	def ULInt16(name):
	"""unsigned, little endian 16-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "<", "H")
	def ULInt32(name):
	"""unsigned, little endian 32-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "<", "L")
	def ULInt64(name):
	"""unsigned, little endian 64-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "<", "Q")

	def SLInt8(name):
	"""signed, little endian 8-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "<", "b")
	def SLInt16(name):
	"""signed, little endian 16-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "<", "h")
	def SLInt32(name):
	"""signed, little endian 32-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "<", "l")
	def SLInt64(name):
	"""signed, little endian 64-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "<", "q")

	def UNInt8(name):
	"""unsigned, native endianity 8-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "=", "B")
	def UNInt16(name):
	"""unsigned, native endianity 16-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "=", "H")
	def UNInt32(name):
	"""unsigned, native endianity 32-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "=", "L")
	def UNInt64(name):
	"""unsigned, native endianity 64-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "=", "Q")

	def SNInt8(name):
	"""signed, native endianity 8-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "=", "b")
	def SNInt16(name):
	"""signed, native endianity 16-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "=", "h")
	def SNInt32(name):
	"""signed, native endianity 32-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "=", "l")
	def SNInt64(name):
	"""signed, native endianity 64-bit integer"""
	return FormatField(name, "=", "q")

	def BFloat32(name):
	"""big endian, 32-bit IEEE floating point number"""
	return FormatField(name, ">", "f")
	def LFloat32(name):
	"""little endian, 32-bit IEEE floating point number"""
	return FormatField(name, "<", "f")
	def NFloat32(name):
	"""native endianity, 32-bit IEEE floating point number"""
	return FormatField(name, "=", "f")

	def BFloat64(name):
	"""big endian, 64-bit IEEE floating point number"""
	return FormatField(name, ">", "d")
	def LFloat64(name):
	"""little endian, 64-bit IEEE floating point number"""
	return FormatField(name, "<", "d")
	def NFloat64(name):
	"""native endianity, 64-bit IEEE floating point number"""
	return FormatField(name, "=", "d")


	#===============================================================================
	# arrays
	#===============================================================================
	def Array(count, subcon):
	"""
	Repeats the given unit a fixed number of times.

	:param int count: number of times to repeat
	:param ``Construct`` subcon: construct to repeat

	>>> c = Array(4, UBInt8("foo"))
	>>> c.parse("\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04")
	[1, 2, 3, 4]
	>>> c.parse("\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05\\x06")
	[1, 2, 3, 4]
	>>> c.build([5,6,7,8])
	'\\x05\\x06\\x07\\x08'
	>>> c.build([5,6,7,8,9])
	Traceback (most recent call last):
	...
	construct.core.RangeError: expected 4..4, found 5
	"""

	if callable(count):
	con = MetaArray(count, subcon)
	else:
	con = MetaArray(lambda ctx: count, subcon)
	con._clear_flag(con.FLAG_DYNAMIC)
	return con

	def PrefixedArray(subcon, length_field = UBInt8("length")):
	"""an array prefixed by a length field.
	* subcon - the subcon to be repeated
	* length_field - a construct returning an integer
	"""
	return LengthValueAdapter(
	Sequence(subcon.name,
	length_field,
	Array(lambda ctx: ctx[length_field.name], subcon),
	nested = False
	)
	)

	def OpenRange(mincount, subcon):
	from sys import maxsize
	return Range(mincount, maxsize, subcon)

	def GreedyRange(subcon):
	"""
	Repeats the given unit one or more times.

	:param ``Construct`` subcon: construct to repeat

	>>> from construct import GreedyRange, UBInt8
	>>> c = GreedyRange(UBInt8("foo"))
	>>> c.parse("\\x01")
	[1]
	>>> c.parse("\\x01\\x02\\x03")
	[1, 2, 3]
	>>> c.parse("\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04\\x05\\x06")
	[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
	>>> c.parse("")
	Traceback (most recent call last):
	...
	construct.core.RangeError: expected 1..2147483647, found 0
	>>> c.build([1,2])
	'\\x01\\x02'
	>>> c.build([])
	Traceback (most recent call last):
	...
	construct.core.RangeError: expected 1..2147483647, found 0
	"""

	return OpenRange(1, subcon)

	def OptionalGreedyRange(subcon):
	"""
	Repeats the given unit zero or more times. This repeater can't
	fail, as it accepts lists of any length.

	:param ``Construct`` subcon: construct to repeat

	>>> from construct import OptionalGreedyRange, UBInt8
	>>> c = OptionalGreedyRange(UBInt8("foo"))
	>>> c.parse("")
	[]
	>>> c.parse("\\x01\\x02")
	[1, 2]
	>>> c.build([])
	''
	>>> c.build([1,2])
	'\\x01\\x02'
	"""

	return OpenRange(0, subcon)


	#===============================================================================
	# subconstructs
	#===============================================================================
	def Optional(subcon):
	"""an optional construct. if parsing fails, returns None.
	* subcon - the subcon to optionally parse or build
	"""
	return Select(subcon.name, subcon, Pass)

	def Bitwise(subcon):
	"""converts the stream to bits, and passes the bitstream to subcon
	* subcon - a bitwise construct (usually BitField)
	"""
	# subcons larger than MAX_BUFFER will be wrapped by Restream instead
	# of Buffered. implementation details, don't stick your nose in :)
	MAX_BUFFER = 1024 * 8
	def resizer(length):
	if length & 7:
	raise SizeofError("size must be a multiple of 8", length)
	return length >> 3
	if not subcon._is_flag(subcon.FLAG_DYNAMIC) and subcon.sizeof() < MAX_BUFFER:
	con = Buffered(subcon,
	encoder = decode_bin,
	decoder = encode_bin,
	resizer = resizer
	)
	else:
	con = Restream(subcon,
	stream_reader = BitStreamReader,
	stream_writer = BitStreamWriter,
	resizer = resizer)
	return con

	def Aligned(subcon, modulus = 4, pattern = "\x00"):
	r"""aligns subcon to modulus boundary using padding pattern
	* subcon - the subcon to align
	* modulus - the modulus boundary (default is 4)
	* pattern - the padding pattern (default is \x00)
	"""
	if modulus < 2:
	raise ValueError("modulus must be >= 2", modulus)
	def padlength(ctx):
	return (modulus - (subcon._sizeof(ctx) % modulus)) % modulus
	return SeqOfOne(subcon.name,
	subcon,
	# ??????
	# ??????
	# ??????
	# ??????
	Padding(padlength, pattern = pattern),
	nested = False,
	)

	def SeqOfOne(name, args, *kw):
	"""a sequence of one element. only the first element is meaningful, the
	rest are discarded
	* name - the name of the sequence
	* args - subconstructs
	* kw - any keyword arguments to Sequence
	"""
	return IndexingAdapter(Sequence(name, args, *kw), index = 0)

	def Embedded(subcon):
	"""embeds a struct into the enclosing struct.
	* subcon - the struct to embed
	"""
	return Reconfig(subcon.name, subcon, subcon.FLAG_EMBED)

	def Rename(newname, subcon):
	"""renames an existing construct
	* newname - the new name
	* subcon - the subcon to rename
	"""
	return Reconfig(newname, subcon)

	def Alias(newname, oldname):
	"""creates an alias for an existing element in a struct
	* newname - the new name
	* oldname - the name of an existing element
	"""
	return Value(newname, lambda ctx: ctx[oldname])


	#===============================================================================
	# mapping
	#===============================================================================
	def SymmetricMapping(subcon, mapping, default = NotImplemented):
	"""defines a symmetrical mapping: a->b, b->a.
	* subcon - the subcon to map
	* mapping - the encoding mapping (a dict); the decoding mapping is
	achieved by reversing this mapping
	* default - the default value to use when no mapping is found. if no
	default value is given, and exception is raised. setting to Pass would
	return the value "as is" (unmapped)
	"""
	reversed_mapping = dict((v, k) for k, v in mapping.items())
	return MappingAdapter(subcon,
	encoding = mapping,
	decoding = reversed_mapping,
	encdefault = default,
	decdefault = default,
	)

	def Enum(subcon, **kw):
	"""a set of named values mapping.
	* subcon - the subcon to map
	* kw - keyword arguments which serve as the encoding mapping
	* _default_ - an optional, keyword-only argument that specifies the
	default value to use when the mapping is undefined. if not given,
	and exception is raised when the mapping is undefined. use `Pass` to
	pass the unmapped value as-is
	"""
	return SymmetricMapping(subcon, kw, kw.pop("_default_", NotImplemented))

	def FlagsEnum(subcon, **kw):
	"""a set of flag values mapping.
	* subcon - the subcon to map
	* kw - keyword arguments which serve as the encoding mapping
	"""
	return FlagsAdapter(subcon, kw)


	#===============================================================================
	# structs
	#===============================================================================
	def AlignedStruct(name, subcons, *kw):
	"""a struct of aligned fields
	* name - the name of the struct
	* subcons - the subcons that make up this structure
	* kw - keyword arguments to pass to Aligned: 'modulus' and 'pattern'
	"""
	return Struct(name, (Aligned(sc, *kw) for sc in subcons))

	def BitStruct(name, *subcons):
	"""a struct of bitwise fields
	* name - the name of the struct
	* subcons - the subcons that make up this structure
	"""
	return Bitwise(Struct(name, *subcons))

	def EmbeddedBitStruct(*subcons):
	"""an embedded BitStruct. no name is necessary.
	* subcons - the subcons that make up this structure
	"""
	return Bitwise(Embedded(Struct(None, *subcons)))

	#===============================================================================
	# strings
	#===============================================================================
	def String(name, length, encoding=None, padchar=None, paddir="right",
	trimdir="right"):
	"""
	A configurable, fixed-length string field.

	The padding character must be specified for padding and trimming to work.

	:param str name: name
	:param int length: length, in bytes
	:param str encoding: encoding (e.g. "utf8") or None for no encoding
	:param str padchar: optional character to pad out strings
	:param str paddir: direction to pad out strings; one of "right", "left",
	or "both"
	:param str trim: direction to trim strings; one of "right", "left"

	>>> from construct import String
	>>> String("foo", 5).parse("hello")
	'hello'
	>>>
	>>> String("foo", 12, encoding = "utf8").parse("hello joh\\xd4\\x83n")
	u'hello joh\\u0503n'
	>>>
	>>> foo = String("foo", 10, padchar = "X", paddir = "right")
	>>> foo.parse("helloXXXXX")
	'hello'
	>>> foo.build("hello")
	'helloXXXXX'
	"""

	con = StringAdapter(Field(name, length), encoding=encoding)
	if padchar is not None:
	con = PaddedStringAdapter(con, padchar=padchar, paddir=paddir,
	trimdir=trimdir)
	return con

	def PascalString(name, length_field=UBInt8("length"), encoding=None):
	"""
	A length-prefixed string.

	``PascalString`` is named after the string types of Pascal, which are
	length-prefixed. Lisp strings also follow this convention.

	The length field will appear in the same ``Container`` as the
	``PascalString``, with the given name.

	:param str name: name
	:param ``Construct`` length_field: a field which will store the length of
	the string
	:param str encoding: encoding (e.g. "utf8") or None for no encoding

	>>> foo = PascalString("foo")
	>>> foo.parse("\\x05hello")
	'hello'
	>>> foo.build("hello world")
	'\\x0bhello world'
	>>>
	>>> foo = PascalString("foo", length_field = UBInt16("length"))
	>>> foo.parse("\\x00\\x05hello")
	'hello'
	>>> foo.build("hello")
	'\\x00\\x05hello'
	"""

	return StringAdapter(
	LengthValueAdapter(
	Sequence(name,
	length_field,
	Field("data", lambda ctx: ctx[length_field.name]),
	)
	),
	encoding=encoding,
	)

	def CString(name, terminators=b"\x00", encoding=None,
	char_field=Field(None, 1)):
	"""
	A string ending in a terminator.

	``CString`` is similar to the strings of C, C++, and other related
	programming languages.

	By default, the terminator is the NULL byte (b``0x00``).

	:param str name: name
	:param iterable terminators: sequence of valid terminators, in order of
	preference
	:param str encoding: encoding (e.g. "utf8") or None for no encoding
	:param ``Construct`` char_field: construct representing a single character

	>>> foo = CString("foo")
	>>> foo.parse(b"hello\\x00")
	b'hello'
	>>> foo.build(b"hello")
	b'hello\\x00'
	>>> foo = CString("foo", terminators = b"XYZ")
	>>> foo.parse(b"helloX")
	b'hello'
	>>> foo.parse(b"helloY")
	b'hello'
	>>> foo.parse(b"helloZ")
	b'hello'
	>>> foo.build(b"hello")
	b'helloX'
	"""

	return Rename(name,
	CStringAdapter(
	RepeatUntil(lambda obj, ctx: obj in terminators, char_field),
	terminators=terminators,
	encoding=encoding,
	)
	)


	#===============================================================================
	# conditional
	#===============================================================================
	def IfThenElse(name, predicate, then_subcon, else_subcon):
	"""an if-then-else conditional construct: if the predicate indicates True,
	`then_subcon` will be used; otherwise `else_subcon`
	* name - the name of the construct
	* predicate - a function taking the context as an argument and returning
	True or False
	* then_subcon - the subcon that will be used if the predicate returns True
	* else_subcon - the subcon that will be used if the predicate returns False
	"""
	return Switch(name, lambda ctx: bool(predicate(ctx)),
	{
	True : then_subcon,
	False : else_subcon,
	}
	)

	def If(predicate, subcon, elsevalue = None):
	"""an if-then conditional construct: if the predicate indicates True,
	subcon will be used; otherwise, `elsevalue` will be returned instead.
	* predicate - a function taking the context as an argument and returning
	True or False
	* subcon - the subcon that will be used if the predicate returns True
	* elsevalue - the value that will be used should the predicate return False.
	by default this value is None.
	"""
	return IfThenElse(subcon.name,
	predicate,
	subcon,
	Value("elsevalue", lambda ctx: elsevalue)
	)


	#===============================================================================
	# misc
	#===============================================================================
	def OnDemandPointer(offsetfunc, subcon, force_build = True):
	"""an on-demand pointer.
	* offsetfunc - a function taking the context as an argument and returning
	the absolute stream position
	* subcon - the subcon that will be parsed from the `offsetfunc()` stream
	position on demand
	* force_build - see OnDemand. by default True.
	"""
	return OnDemand(Pointer(offsetfunc, subcon),
	advance_stream = False,
	force_build = force_build
	)

	def Magic(data):
	return ConstAdapter(Field(None, len(data)), data)