# portage: Lock management code
# Copyright 2004-2021 Gentoo Authors
# Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License v2

__all__ = [
    "lockdir",
    "unlockdir",
    "lockfile",
    "unlockfile",
    "hardlock_name",
    "hardlink_is_mine",
    "hardlink_lockfile",
    "unhardlink_lockfile",
    "hardlock_cleanup",
]

import errno
import fcntl
import functools
import multiprocessing
import sys
import tempfile
import time
import typing
import warnings

import portage
from portage import os, _encodings, _unicode_decode
from portage.exception import (
    DirectoryNotFound,
    FileNotFound,
    InvalidData,
    TryAgain,
    OperationNotPermitted,
    PermissionDenied,
    ReadOnlyFileSystem,
)
from portage.util import writemsg
from portage.util.install_mask import _raise_exc
from portage.localization import _


HARDLINK_FD = -2
_HARDLINK_POLL_LATENCY = 3  # seconds

# Used by emerge in order to disable the "waiting for lock" message
# so that it doesn't interfere with the status display.
_quiet = False


_lock_fn = None
_open_fds = {}
_open_inodes = {}


class _lock_manager:
    __slots__ = ("fd", "inode_key")

    def __init__(self, fd, fstat_result, path):
        self.fd = fd
        self.inode_key = (fstat_result.st_dev, fstat_result.st_ino)
        if self.inode_key in _open_inodes:
            # This means that the lock is already held by the current
            # process, so the caller will have to try again. This case
            # is encountered with the default fcntl.lockf function, and
            # with the alternative fcntl.flock function TryAgain is
            # raised earlier.
            os.close(fd)
            raise TryAgain(path)
        _open_fds[fd] = self
        _open_inodes[self.inode_key] = self

    def close(self):
        os.close(self.fd)
        del _open_fds[self.fd]
        del _open_inodes[self.inode_key]


def _get_lock_fn():
    """
    Returns fcntl.lockf if proven to work, and otherwise returns fcntl.flock.
    On some platforms fcntl.lockf is known to be broken.
    """
    global _lock_fn
    if _lock_fn is not None:
        return _lock_fn

    if _test_lock_fn(
        lambda path, fd, flags: fcntl.lockf(fd, flags)
        and functools.partial(unlockfile, (path, fd, flags, fcntl.lockf))
    ):
        _lock_fn = fcntl.lockf
        return _lock_fn

    # Fall back to fcntl.flock.
    _lock_fn = fcntl.flock
    return _lock_fn


def _test_lock_fn(
    lock_fn: typing.Callable[[str, int, int], typing.Callable[[], None]]
) -> bool:
    def _test_lock(fd, lock_path):
        os.close(fd)
        try:
            with open(lock_path, "a") as f:
                lock_fn(lock_path, f.fileno(), fcntl.LOCK_EX | fcntl.LOCK_NB)
        except (TryAgain, EnvironmentError) as e:
            if isinstance(e, TryAgain) or e.errno == errno.EAGAIN:
                # Parent process holds lock, as expected.
                sys.exit(0)

        # Something went wrong.
        sys.exit(1)

    fd, lock_path = tempfile.mkstemp()
    unlock_fn = None
    try:
        try:
            unlock_fn = lock_fn(lock_path, fd, fcntl.LOCK_EX)
        except (TryAgain, EnvironmentError):
            pass
        else:
            _lock_manager(fd, os.fstat(fd), lock_path)
            proc = multiprocessing.Process(target=_test_lock, args=(fd, lock_path))
            proc.start()
            proc.join()
            if proc.exitcode == os.EX_OK:
                # the test passed
                return True
    finally:
        try:
            os.unlink(lock_path)
        except OSError:
            pass
        if unlock_fn is not None:
            unlock_fn()
    return False


def _close_fds():
    """
    This is intended to be called after a fork, in order to close file
    descriptors for locks held by the parent process. This can be called
    safely after a fork without exec, unlike the _setup_pipes close_fds
    behavior.
    """
    for fd in list(_open_fds.values()):
        fd.close()


def lockdir(mydir, flags=0):
    return lockfile(mydir, wantnewlockfile=1, flags=flags)


def unlockdir(mylock):
    return unlockfile(mylock)


def lockfile(mypath, wantnewlockfile=0, unlinkfile=0, waiting_msg=None, flags=0):
    """
    If wantnewlockfile is True then this creates a lockfile in the parent
    directory as the file: '.' + basename + '.portage_lockfile'.
    """
    lock = None
    while lock is None:
        lock = _lockfile_iteration(
            mypath,
            wantnewlockfile=wantnewlockfile,
            unlinkfile=unlinkfile,
            waiting_msg=waiting_msg,
            flags=flags,
        )
        if lock is None:
            writemsg(_("lockfile removed by previous lock holder, retrying\n"), 1)
    return lock


def _lockfile_iteration(
    mypath, wantnewlockfile=False, unlinkfile=False, waiting_msg=None, flags=0
):
    """
    Acquire a lock on mypath, without retry. Return None if the lockfile
    was removed by previous lock holder (caller must retry).

    @param mypath: lock file path
    @type mypath: str
    @param wantnewlockfile: use a separate new lock file
    @type wantnewlockfile: bool
    @param unlinkfile: remove lock file prior to unlock
    @type unlinkfile: bool
    @param waiting_msg: message to show before blocking
    @type waiting_msg: str
    @param flags: lock flags (only supports os.O_NONBLOCK)
    @type flags: int
    @rtype: bool
    @return: unlockfile tuple on success, None if retry is needed
    """
    if not mypath:
        raise InvalidData(_("Empty path given"))

    # Since Python 3.4, chown requires int type (no proxies).
    portage_gid = int(portage.data.portage_gid)

    # Support for file object or integer file descriptor parameters is
    # deprecated due to ambiguity in whether or not it's safe to close
    # the file descriptor, making it prone to "Bad file descriptor" errors
    # or file descriptor leaks.
    if isinstance(mypath, str) and mypath[-1] == "/":
        mypath = mypath[:-1]

    lockfilename_path = mypath
    if hasattr(mypath, "fileno"):
        warnings.warn(
            "portage.locks.lockfile() support for "
            "file object parameters is deprecated. Use a file path instead.",
            DeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        lockfilename_path = getattr(mypath, "name", None)
        mypath = mypath.fileno()
    if isinstance(mypath, int):
        warnings.warn(
            "portage.locks.lockfile() support for integer file "
            "descriptor parameters is deprecated. Use a file path instead.",
            DeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        lockfilename = mypath
        wantnewlockfile = 0
        unlinkfile = 0
    elif wantnewlockfile:
        base, tail = os.path.split(mypath)
        lockfilename = os.path.join(base, "." + tail + ".portage_lockfile")
        lockfilename_path = lockfilename
        unlinkfile = 1
    else:
        lockfilename = mypath

    if isinstance(mypath, str):
        if not os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(mypath)):
            raise DirectoryNotFound(os.path.dirname(mypath))
        preexisting = os.path.exists(lockfilename)
        old_mask = os.umask(000)
        try:
            while True:
                try:
                    myfd = os.open(lockfilename, os.O_CREAT | os.O_RDWR, 0o660)
                except OSError as e:
                    if e.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE) and os.path.isdir(
                        os.path.dirname(lockfilename)
                    ):
                        # Retry required for NFS (see bug 636798).
                        continue
                    else:
                        _raise_exc(e)
                else:
                    break

            if not preexisting:
                try:
                    if (
                        portage.data.secpass >= 1
                        and os.stat(lockfilename).st_gid != portage_gid
                    ):
                        os.chown(lockfilename, -1, portage_gid)
                except OSError as e:
                    if e.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE):
                        os.close(myfd)
                        return None
                    writemsg(
                        "%s: chown('%s', -1, %d)\n" % (e, lockfilename, portage_gid),
                        noiselevel=-1,
                    )
                    writemsg(
                        _("Cannot chown a lockfile: '%s'\n") % lockfilename,
                        noiselevel=-1,
                    )
                    writemsg(
                        _("Group IDs of current user: %s\n")
                        % " ".join(str(n) for n in os.getgroups()),
                        noiselevel=-1,
                    )
        finally:
            os.umask(old_mask)

    elif isinstance(mypath, int):
        myfd = mypath

    else:
        raise ValueError(
            _("Unknown type passed in '%s': '%s'") % (type(mypath), mypath)
        )

    # try for a non-blocking lock, if it's held, throw a message
    # we're waiting on lockfile and use a blocking attempt.
    locking_method = portage._eintr_func_wrapper(_get_lock_fn())
    try:
        if "__PORTAGE_TEST_HARDLINK_LOCKS" in os.environ:
            raise IOError(errno.ENOSYS, "Function not implemented")
        locking_method(myfd, fcntl.LOCK_EX | fcntl.LOCK_NB)
    except IOError as e:
        if not hasattr(e, "errno"):
            raise
        if e.errno in (errno.EACCES, errno.EAGAIN, errno.ENOLCK):
            # resource temp unavailable; eg, someone beat us to the lock.
            if flags & os.O_NONBLOCK:
                os.close(myfd)
                raise TryAgain(mypath)

            global _quiet
            if _quiet:
                out = None
            else:
                out = portage.output.EOutput()
            if waiting_msg is None:
                if isinstance(mypath, int):
                    waiting_msg = _("waiting for lock on fd %i") % myfd
                else:
                    waiting_msg = _("waiting for lock on %s") % lockfilename
            if out is not None:
                out.ebegin(waiting_msg)
            # try for the exclusive lock now.
            enolock_msg_shown = False
            while True:
                try:
                    locking_method(myfd, fcntl.LOCK_EX)
                except EnvironmentError as e:
                    if e.errno == errno.ENOLCK:
                        # This is known to occur on Solaris NFS (see
                        # bug #462694). Assume that the error is due
                        # to temporary exhaustion of record locks,
                        # and loop until one becomes available.
                        if not enolock_msg_shown:
                            enolock_msg_shown = True
                            if isinstance(mypath, int):
                                context_desc = (
                                    _("Error while waiting " "to lock fd %i") % myfd
                                )
                            else:
                                context_desc = (
                                    _("Error while waiting " "to lock '%s'")
                                    % lockfilename
                                )
                            writemsg(
                                "\n!!! %s: %s\n" % (context_desc, e), noiselevel=-1
                            )

                        time.sleep(_HARDLINK_POLL_LATENCY)
                        continue

                    if out is not None:
                        out.eend(1, str(e))
                    raise
                else:
                    break

            if out is not None:
                out.eend(os.EX_OK)
        elif e.errno in (errno.ENOSYS,):
            # We're not allowed to lock on this FS.
            if not isinstance(lockfilename, int):
                # If a file object was passed in, it's not safe
                # to close the file descriptor because it may
                # still be in use.
                os.close(myfd)
            lockfilename_path = _unicode_decode(
                lockfilename_path, encoding=_encodings["fs"], errors="strict"
            )
            if not isinstance(lockfilename_path, str):
                raise
            link_success = hardlink_lockfile(
                lockfilename_path, waiting_msg=waiting_msg, flags=flags
            )
            if not link_success:
                raise
            lockfilename = lockfilename_path
            locking_method = None
            myfd = HARDLINK_FD
        else:
            raise

    fstat_result = None
    if isinstance(lockfilename, str) and myfd != HARDLINK_FD and unlinkfile:
        try:
            (removed, fstat_result) = _lockfile_was_removed(myfd, lockfilename)
        except Exception:
            # Do not leak the file descriptor here.
            os.close(myfd)
            raise
        else:
            if removed:
                # Removed by previous lock holder... Caller will retry...
                os.close(myfd)
                return None

    if myfd != HARDLINK_FD:
        _lock_manager(
            myfd, os.fstat(myfd) if fstat_result is None else fstat_result, mypath
        )

    writemsg(str((lockfilename, myfd, unlinkfile)) + "\n", 1)
    return (lockfilename, myfd, unlinkfile, locking_method)


def _lockfile_was_removed(lock_fd, lock_path):
    """
    Check if lock_fd still refers to a file located at lock_path, since
    the file may have been removed by a concurrent process that held the
    lock earlier. This implementation includes support for NFS, where
    stat is not reliable for removed files due to the default file
    attribute cache behavior ('ac' mount option).

    @param lock_fd: an open file descriptor for a lock file
    @type lock_fd: int
    @param lock_path: path of lock file
    @type lock_path: str
    @rtype: bool
    @return: a tuple of (removed, fstat_result), where removed is True if
            lock_path does not correspond to lock_fd, and False otherwise
    """
    try:
        fstat_st = os.fstat(lock_fd)
    except OSError as e:
        if e.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE):
            _raise_exc(e)
        return (True, None)

    # Since stat is not reliable for removed files on NFS with the default
    # file attribute cache behavior ('ac' mount option), create a temporary
    # hardlink in order to prove that the file path exists on the NFS server.
    hardlink_path = hardlock_name(lock_path)
    try:
        os.unlink(hardlink_path)
    except OSError as e:
        if e.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE):
            _raise_exc(e)
    try:
        try:
            os.link(lock_path, hardlink_path)
        except OSError as e:
            if e.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE):
                _raise_exc(e)
            return (True, None)

        hardlink_stat = os.stat(hardlink_path)
        if (
            hardlink_stat.st_ino != fstat_st.st_ino
            or hardlink_stat.st_dev != fstat_st.st_dev
        ):
            # Create another hardlink in order to detect whether or not
            # hardlink inode numbers are expected to match. For example,
            # inode numbers are not expected to match for sshfs.
            inode_test = hardlink_path + "-inode-test"
            try:
                os.unlink(inode_test)
            except OSError as e:
                if e.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE):
                    _raise_exc(e)
            try:
                os.link(hardlink_path, inode_test)
            except OSError as e:
                if e.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE):
                    _raise_exc(e)
                return (True, None)
            else:
                if not os.path.samefile(hardlink_path, inode_test):
                    # This implies that inode numbers are not expected
                    # to match for this file system, so use a simple
                    # stat call to detect if lock_path has been removed.
                    return (not os.path.exists(lock_path), fstat_st)
            finally:
                try:
                    os.unlink(inode_test)
                except OSError as e:
                    if e.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE):
                        _raise_exc(e)
            return (True, None)
    finally:
        try:
            os.unlink(hardlink_path)
        except OSError as e:
            if e.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE):
                _raise_exc(e)
    return (False, fstat_st)


def _fstat_nlink(fd):
    """
    @param fd: an open file descriptor
    @type fd: Integer
    @rtype: Integer
    @return: the current number of hardlinks to the file
    """
    try:
        return os.fstat(fd).st_nlink
    except EnvironmentError as e:
        if e.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE):
            # Some filesystems such as CIFS return
            # ENOENT which means st_nlink == 0.
            return 0
        raise


def unlockfile(mytuple):

    # XXX: Compatability hack.
    if len(mytuple) == 3:
        lockfilename, myfd, unlinkfile = mytuple
        locking_method = fcntl.flock
    elif len(mytuple) == 4:
        lockfilename, myfd, unlinkfile, locking_method = mytuple
    else:
        raise InvalidData

    if myfd == HARDLINK_FD:
        unhardlink_lockfile(lockfilename, unlinkfile=unlinkfile)
        return True

    # myfd may be None here due to myfd = mypath in lockfile()
    if isinstance(lockfilename, str) and not os.path.exists(lockfilename):
        writemsg(_("lockfile does not exist '%s'\n") % lockfilename, 1)
        if myfd is not None:
            _open_fds[myfd].close()
        return False

    try:
        if myfd is None:
            myfd = os.open(lockfilename, os.O_WRONLY, 0o660)
            unlinkfile = 1
        locking_method(myfd, fcntl.LOCK_UN)
    except OSError:
        if isinstance(lockfilename, str):
            _open_fds[myfd].close()
        raise IOError(_("Failed to unlock file '%s'\n") % lockfilename)

    try:
        # This sleep call was added to allow other processes that are
        # waiting for a lock to be able to grab it before it is deleted.
        # lockfile() already accounts for this situation, however, and
        # the sleep here adds more time than is saved overall, so am
        # commenting until it is proved necessary.
        # time.sleep(0.0001)
        if unlinkfile:
            locking_method(myfd, fcntl.LOCK_EX | fcntl.LOCK_NB)
            # We won the lock, so there isn't competition for it.
            # We can safely delete the file.
            writemsg(_("Got the lockfile...\n"), 1)
            if _fstat_nlink(myfd) == 1:
                os.unlink(lockfilename)
                writemsg(_("Unlinked lockfile...\n"), 1)
                locking_method(myfd, fcntl.LOCK_UN)
            else:
                writemsg(_("lockfile does not exist '%s'\n") % lockfilename, 1)
                _open_fds[myfd].close()
                return False
    except SystemExit:
        raise
    except Exception as e:
        writemsg(_("Failed to get lock... someone took it.\n"), 1)
        writemsg(str(e) + "\n", 1)

    # why test lockfilename?  because we may have been handed an
    # fd originally, and the caller might not like having their
    # open fd closed automatically on them.
    if isinstance(lockfilename, str):
        _open_fds[myfd].close()

    return True


def hardlock_name(path):
    base, tail = os.path.split(path)
    return os.path.join(
        base,
        ".%s.hardlock-%s-%s"
        % (tail, portage._decode_argv([os.uname()[1]])[0], portage.getpid()),
    )


def hardlink_is_mine(link, lock):
    try:
        lock_st = os.stat(lock)
        if lock_st.st_nlink == 2:
            link_st = os.stat(link)
            return lock_st.st_ino == link_st.st_ino and lock_st.st_dev == link_st.st_dev
    except OSError:
        pass
    return False


def hardlink_lockfile(
    lockfilename, max_wait=DeprecationWarning, waiting_msg=None, flags=0
):
    """Does the NFS, hardlink shuffle to ensure locking on the disk.
    We create a PRIVATE hardlink to the real lockfile, that is just a
    placeholder on the disk.
    If our file can 2 references, then we have the lock. :)
    Otherwise we lather, rise, and repeat.
    """

    if max_wait is not DeprecationWarning:
        warnings.warn(
            "The 'max_wait' parameter of "
            "portage.locks.hardlink_lockfile() is now unused. Use "
            "flags=os.O_NONBLOCK instead.",
            DeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )

    global _quiet
    out = None
    displayed_waiting_msg = False
    preexisting = os.path.exists(lockfilename)
    myhardlock = hardlock_name(lockfilename)

    # Since Python 3.4, chown requires int type (no proxies).
    portage_gid = int(portage.data.portage_gid)

    # myhardlock must not exist prior to our link() call, and we can
    # safely unlink it since its file name is unique to our PID
    try:
        os.unlink(myhardlock)
    except OSError as e:
        if e.errno in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE):
            pass
        else:
            func_call = "unlink('%s')" % myhardlock
            if e.errno == OperationNotPermitted.errno:
                raise OperationNotPermitted(func_call)
            elif e.errno == PermissionDenied.errno:
                raise PermissionDenied(func_call)
            else:
                raise

    while True:
        # create lockfilename if it doesn't exist yet
        try:
            myfd = os.open(lockfilename, os.O_CREAT | os.O_RDWR, 0o660)
        except OSError as e:
            func_call = "open('%s')" % lockfilename
            if e.errno == OperationNotPermitted.errno:
                raise OperationNotPermitted(func_call)
            elif e.errno == PermissionDenied.errno:
                raise PermissionDenied(func_call)
            elif e.errno == ReadOnlyFileSystem.errno:
                raise ReadOnlyFileSystem(func_call)
            else:
                raise
        else:
            myfd_st = None
            try:
                myfd_st = os.fstat(myfd)
                if not preexisting:
                    # Don't chown the file if it is preexisting, since we
                    # want to preserve existing permissions in that case.
                    if portage.data.secpass >= 1 and myfd_st.st_gid != portage_gid:
                        os.fchown(myfd, -1, portage_gid)
            except OSError as e:
                if e.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE):
                    writemsg(
                        "%s: fchown('%s', -1, %d)\n" % (e, lockfilename, portage_gid),
                        noiselevel=-1,
                    )
                    writemsg(
                        _("Cannot chown a lockfile: '%s'\n") % lockfilename,
                        noiselevel=-1,
                    )
                    writemsg(
                        _("Group IDs of current user: %s\n")
                        % " ".join(str(n) for n in os.getgroups()),
                        noiselevel=-1,
                    )
                else:
                    # another process has removed the file, so we'll have
                    # to create it again
                    continue
            finally:
                os.close(myfd)

            # If fstat shows more than one hardlink, then it's extremely
            # unlikely that the following link call will result in a lock,
            # so optimize away the wasteful link call and sleep or raise
            # TryAgain.
            if myfd_st is not None and myfd_st.st_nlink < 2:
                try:
                    os.link(lockfilename, myhardlock)
                except OSError as e:
                    func_call = "link('%s', '%s')" % (lockfilename, myhardlock)
                    if e.errno == OperationNotPermitted.errno:
                        raise OperationNotPermitted(func_call)
                    elif e.errno == PermissionDenied.errno:
                        raise PermissionDenied(func_call)
                    elif e.errno in (errno.ESTALE, errno.ENOENT):
                        # another process has removed the file, so we'll have
                        # to create it again
                        continue
                    else:
                        raise
                else:
                    if hardlink_is_mine(myhardlock, lockfilename):
                        if out is not None:
                            out.eend(os.EX_OK)
                        break

                    try:
                        os.unlink(myhardlock)
                    except OSError as e:
                        # This should not happen, since the file name of
                        # myhardlock is unique to our host and PID,
                        # and the above link() call succeeded.
                        if e.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESTALE):
                            raise
                        raise FileNotFound(myhardlock)

        if flags & os.O_NONBLOCK:
            raise TryAgain(lockfilename)

        if out is None and not _quiet:
            out = portage.output.EOutput()
        if out is not None and not displayed_waiting_msg:
            displayed_waiting_msg = True
            if waiting_msg is None:
                waiting_msg = _("waiting for lock on %s\n") % lockfilename
            out.ebegin(waiting_msg)

        time.sleep(_HARDLINK_POLL_LATENCY)

    return True


def unhardlink_lockfile(lockfilename, unlinkfile=True):
    myhardlock = hardlock_name(lockfilename)
    if unlinkfile and hardlink_is_mine(myhardlock, lockfilename):
        # Make sure not to touch lockfilename unless we really have a lock.
        try:
            os.unlink(lockfilename)
        except OSError:
            pass
    try:
        os.unlink(myhardlock)
    except OSError:
        pass


def hardlock_cleanup(path, remove_all_locks=False):
    myhost = portage._decode_argv([os.uname()[1]])[0]
    mydl = os.listdir(path)

    results = []
    mycount = 0

    mylist = {}
    for x in mydl:
        if os.path.isfile(path + "/" + x):
            parts = x.split(".hardlock-")
            if len(parts) == 2:
                filename = parts[0][1:]
                hostpid = parts[1].split("-")
                host = "-".join(hostpid[:-1])
                pid = hostpid[-1]

                if filename not in mylist:
                    mylist[filename] = {}
                if host not in mylist[filename]:
                    mylist[filename][host] = []
                mylist[filename][host].append(pid)

                mycount += 1

    results.append(_("Found %(count)s locks") % {"count": mycount})

    for x in mylist:
        if myhost in mylist[x] or remove_all_locks:
            mylockname = hardlock_name(path + "/" + x)
            if (
                hardlink_is_mine(mylockname, path + "/" + x)
                or not os.path.exists(path + "/" + x)
                or remove_all_locks
            ):
                for y in mylist[x]:
                    for z in mylist[x][y]:
                        filename = path + "/." + x + ".hardlock-" + y + "-" + z
                        if filename == mylockname:
                            continue
                        try:
                            # We're sweeping through, unlinking everyone's locks.
                            os.unlink(filename)
                            results.append(_("Unlinked: ") + filename)
                        except OSError:
                            pass
                try:
                    os.unlink(path + "/" + x)
                    results.append(_("Unlinked: ") + path + "/" + x)
                    os.unlink(mylockname)
                    results.append(_("Unlinked: ") + mylockname)
                except OSError:
                    pass
            else:
                try:
                    os.unlink(mylockname)
                    results.append(_("Unlinked: ") + mylockname)
                except OSError:
                    pass

    return results