# Copyright 2016 The Chromium OS Authors. All rights reserved.
# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
# found in the LICENSE file.

# repohooks/pre-upload.py currently does not run pylint. But for developers who
# want to check their code manually we disable several harmless pylint warnings
# which just distract from more serious remaining issues.
#
# The instance variables _host and _install_paths are not defined in __init__().
# pylint: disable=attribute-defined-outside-init
#
# Many short variable names don't follow the naming convention.
# pylint: disable=invalid-name
#
# _parse_result() and _dir_size() don't access self and could be functions.
# pylint: disable=no-self-use
#
# _ChromeLogin and _TradefedLogCollector have no public methods.
# pylint: disable=too-few-public-methods

import contextlib
import errno
import glob
import hashlib
import lockfile
import logging
import os
import pipes
import random
import re
import shutil
import stat
import tempfile
import time
import urlparse

from autotest_lib.client.bin import utils as client_utils
from autotest_lib.client.common_lib import utils as common_utils
from autotest_lib.client.common_lib import error
from autotest_lib.client.common_lib.cros import dev_server
from autotest_lib.server import autotest
from autotest_lib.server import test
from autotest_lib.server import utils

# TODO(ihf): If akeshet doesn't fix crbug.com/691046 delete metrics again.
try:
    from chromite.lib import metrics
except ImportError:
    metrics = utils.metrics_mock

# TODO(ihf): Find a home for all these paths. This is getting out of hand.
_SDK_TOOLS_DIR = 'gs://chromeos-arc-images/builds/git_nyc-mr1-arc-linux-static_sdk_tools/3544738'
_SDK_TOOLS_FILES = ['aapt']
# To stabilize adb behavior, we use dynamically linked adb.
_ADB_DIR = 'gs://chromeos-arc-images/builds/git_nyc-mr1-arc-linux-cheets_arm-user/3544738'
_ADB_FILES = ['adb']

_ADB_POLLING_INTERVAL_SECONDS = 1
_ADB_READY_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 60
_ANDROID_ADB_KEYS_PATH = '/data/misc/adb/adb_keys'

_ARC_POLLING_INTERVAL_SECONDS = 1
_ARC_READY_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 60

_TRADEFED_PREFIX = 'autotest-tradefed-install_'
_TRADEFED_CACHE_LOCAL = '/tmp/autotest-tradefed-cache'
_TRADEFED_CACHE_CONTAINER = '/usr/local/autotest/results/shared/cache'
_TRADEFED_CACHE_CONTAINER_LOCK = '/usr/local/autotest/results/shared/lock'

# According to dshi a drone has 500GB of disk space. It is ok for now to use
# 10GB of disk space, as no more than 10 tests should run in parallel.
# TODO(ihf): Investigate tighter cache size.
_TRADEFED_CACHE_MAX_SIZE = (10 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024)


class _ChromeLogin(object):
    """Context manager to handle Chrome login state."""

    def __init__(self, host, kwargs):
        self._host = host
        self._kwargs = kwargs
        self._cts_helper_kwargs = kwargs

    def _cmd_builder(self, verbose=False):
        """Gets remote command to start browser with ARC enabled."""
        # If autotest is not installed on the host, as with moblab at times,
        # getting the autodir will raise an exception.
        cmd = autotest.Autotest.get_installed_autodir(self._host)
        cmd += '/bin/autologin.py --arc'
        if self._kwargs.get('dont_override_profile') == True:
            logging.info('Using --dont_override_profile to start Chrome.')
            cmd += ' --dont_override_profile'
        else:
            logging.info('Not using --dont_override_profile to start Chrome.')
        if not verbose:
            cmd += ' > /dev/null 2>&1'
        return cmd

    def _login(self, timeout=60, raise_exception=False):
        """Logs into Chrome."""
        try:
            # We used to call cheets_StartAndroid, but it is a little faster to
            # call a script on the DUT. This also saves CPU time on the server.
            self._host.run(
                self._cmd_builder(),
                ignore_status=False,
                verbose=False,
                timeout=timeout)
            return True
        except autotest.AutodirNotFoundError:
            # Autotest is not installed (can happen on moblab after image
            # install). Fall back to logging in via client test, which as a side
            # effect installs autotest in the right place, so we should not hit
            # this slow path repeatedly.
            logging.warning('Autotest not installed, fallback to slow path...')
            try:
                autotest.Autotest(self._host).run_timed_test(
                    'cheets_StartAndroid',
                    timeout=2 * timeout,
                    check_client_result=True,
                    **self._cts_helper_kwargs)
                return True
            except Exception:
                if raise_exception:
                    raise
        except Exception:
            if raise_exception:
                raise
        return False

    def __enter__(self):
        """Logs into Chrome with retry."""
        logging.info('Ensure Android is running...')
        if not self._login():
            logging.info('Sleeping before next login attempt...')
            time.sleep(20)
            self._login(timeout=120, raise_exception=True)

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        """On exit restart the browser or reboot the machine.

        @param exc_type: Exception type if an exception is raised from the
                         with-block.
        @param exc_value: Exception instance if an exception is raised from
                          the with-block.
        @param traceback: Stack trace info if an exception is raised from
                          the with-block.
        @return None, indicating not to ignore an exception from the with-block
                if raised.
        """
        reboot = True
        if self._cts_helper_kwargs.get('reboot') != True:
            logging.info('Skipping reboot, restarting browser.')
            reboot = False
            try:
                # We clean up /tmp (which is memory backed) from crashes and
                # other files. A reboot would have cleaned /tmp as well.
                script = 'stop ui && find /tmp/ -mindepth 1 -delete && start ui'
                self._host.run(
                    script, ignore_status=False, verbose=False, timeout=120)
            except Exception:
                logging.error('Restarting browser has failed.')
                reboot = True
        if reboot:
            self._reboot(exc_type, exc_value, traceback)

    def _reboot(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
        """Reboot the machine.

        @param exc_type: Exception type if an exception is raised from the
                         with-block.
        @param exc_value: Exception instance if an exception is raised from
                          the with-block.
        @param traceback: Stack trace info if an exception is raised from
                          the with-block.
        @return None, indicating not to ignore an exception from the with-block
                if raised.
        """
        logging.info('Rebooting...')
        try:
            self._host.reboot()
        except Exception:
            if exc_type is None:
                raise
            # If an exception is raise from the with-block, just record the
            # exception for the rebooting to avoid ignoring the original
            # exception.
            logging.exception('Rebooting failed.')


@contextlib.contextmanager
def lock(filename):
    """Prevents other autotest/tradefed instances from accessing cache.

    @param filename: The file to be locked.
    """
    filelock = lockfile.FileLock(filename)
    # It is tempting just to call filelock.acquire(3600). But the implementation
    # has very poor temporal granularity (timeout/10), which is unsuitable for
    # our needs. See /usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/lockfile/
    attempts = 0
    while not filelock.i_am_locking():
        try:
            attempts += 1
            logging.info('Waiting for cache lock...')
            filelock.acquire(random.randint(1, 5))
        except (lockfile.AlreadyLocked, lockfile.LockTimeout):
            if attempts > 1000:
                # Normally we should aqcuire the lock in a few seconds. Once we
                # wait on the order of hours either the dev server IO is
                # overloaded or a lock didn't get cleaned up. Take one for the
                # team, break the lock and report a failure. This should fix
                # the lock for following tests. If the failure affects more than
                # one job look for a deadlock or dev server overload.
                logging.error('Permanent lock failure. Trying to break lock.')
                filelock.break_lock()
                raise error.TestFail('Error: permanent cache lock failure.')
        else:
            logging.info('Acquired cache lock after %d attempts.', attempts)
    try:
        yield
    finally:
        filelock.release()
        logging.info('Released cache lock.')


@contextlib.contextmanager
def adb_keepalive(target, extra_paths):
    """A context manager that keeps the adb connection alive.

    AdbKeepalive will spin off a new process that will continuously poll for
    adb's connected state, and will attempt to reconnect if it ever goes down.
    This is the only way we can currently recover safely from (intentional)
    reboots.

    @param target: the hostname and port of the DUT.
    @param extra_paths: any additional components to the PATH environment
                        variable.
    """
    from autotest_lib.client.common_lib.cros import adb_keepalive as module
    # |__file__| returns the absolute path of the compiled bytecode of the
    # module. We want to run the original .py file, so we need to change the
    # extension back.
    script_filename = module.__file__.replace('.pyc', '.py')
    job = common_utils.BgJob(
        [script_filename, target],
        nickname='adb_keepalive',
        stderr_level=logging.DEBUG,
        stdout_tee=common_utils.TEE_TO_LOGS,
        stderr_tee=common_utils.TEE_TO_LOGS,
        extra_paths=extra_paths)

    try:
        yield
    finally:
        # The adb_keepalive.py script runs forever until SIGTERM is sent.
        common_utils.nuke_subprocess(job.sp)
        common_utils.join_bg_jobs([job])


@contextlib.contextmanager
def pushd(d):
    """Defines pushd.
    @param d: the directory to change to.
    """
    current = os.getcwd()
    os.chdir(d)
    try:
        yield
    finally:
        os.chdir(current)


def parse_tradefed_result(result, waivers=None):
    """Check the result from the tradefed output.

    @param result: The result stdout string from the tradefed command.
    @param waivers: a set() of tests which are permitted to fail.
    @return 5-tuple (tests, passed, failed, notexecuted, waived)
    """
    # Regular expressions for start/end messages of each test-run chunk.
    abi_re = r'arm\S*|x86\S*'
    # TODO(kinaba): use the current running module name.
    module_re = r'\S+'
    start_re = re.compile(r'(?:Start|Continu)ing (%s) %s with'
                          r' (\d+(?:,\d+)?) test' % (abi_re, module_re))
    end_re = re.compile(r'(%s) %s (?:complet|fail)ed in .*\.'
                        r' (\d+) passed, (\d+) failed, (\d+) not executed' %
                        (abi_re, module_re))

    # Records the result per each ABI.
    total_test = dict()
    total_pass = dict()
    total_fail = dict()
    last_notexec = dict()

    # ABI and the test count for the current chunk.
    abi = None
    ntest = None
    prev_npass = prev_nfail = prev_nnotexec = None

    for line in result.splitlines():
        # Beginning of a chunk of tests.
        match = start_re.search(line)
        if match:
            if abi:
                raise error.TestFail('Error: Unexpected test start: ' + line)
            abi = match.group(1)
            ntest = int(match.group(2).replace(',', ''))
            prev_npass = prev_nfail = prev_nnotexec = None
        else:
            # End of the current chunk.
            match = end_re.search(line)
            if not match:
                continue

            npass, nfail, nnotexec = map(int, match.group(2, 3, 4))
            if abi != match.group(1):
                # When the last case crashed during teardown, tradefed emits two
                # end-messages with possibly increased fail count. Ignore it.
                if (prev_npass == npass and
                    (prev_nfail == nfail or prev_nfail == nfail - 1) and
                        prev_nnotexec == nnotexec):
                    continue
                raise error.TestFail('Error: Unexpected test end: ' + line)
            prev_npass, prev_nfail, prev_nnotexec = npass, nfail, nnotexec

            # When the test crashes too ofen, tradefed seems to finish the
            # iteration by running "0 tests, 0 passed, ...". Do not count
            # that in.
            if ntest > 0:
                total_test[abi] = (
                    total_test.get(abi, 0) + ntest - last_notexec.get(abi, 0))
                total_pass[abi] = total_pass.get(abi, 0) + npass
                total_fail[abi] = total_fail.get(abi, 0) + nfail
                last_notexec[abi] = nnotexec
            abi = None

    if abi:
        # When tradefed crashes badly, it may exit without printing the counts
        # from the last chunk. Regard them as not executed and retry (rather
        # than aborting the test cycle at this point.)
        if ntest > 0:
            total_test[abi] = (
                total_test.get(abi, 0) + ntest - last_notexec.get(abi, 0))
            last_notexec[abi] = ntest
        logging.warning('No result reported for the last chunk. ' +
                        'Assuming all not executed.')

    # TODO(rohitbm): make failure parsing more robust by extracting the list
    # of failing tests instead of searching in the result blob. As well as
    # only parse for waivers for the running ABI.
    waived = 0
    if waivers:
        abis = total_test.keys()
        for testname in waivers:
            # TODO(dhaddock): Find a more robust way to apply waivers.
            fail_count = (
                result.count(testname + ' FAIL') +
                result.count(testname + ' fail'))
            if fail_count:
                if fail_count > len(abis):
                    # This should be an error.TestFail, but unfortunately
                    # tradefed has a bug that emits "fail" twice when a
                    # test failed during teardown. It will anyway causes
                    # a test count inconsistency and visible on the dashboard.
                    logging.error('Found %d failures for %s '
                                  'but there are only %d abis: %s', fail_count,
                                  testname, len(abis), abis)
                waived += fail_count
                logging.info('Waived failure for %s %d time(s)', testname,
                             fail_count)
    counts = tuple(
        sum(count_per_abi.values())
        for count_per_abi in (total_test, total_pass, total_fail,
                              last_notexec)) + (waived,)
    msg = (
        'tests=%d, passed=%d, failed=%d, not_executed=%d, waived=%d' % counts)
    logging.info(msg)
    if counts[2] - waived < 0:
        raise error.TestFail('Error: Internal waiver bookkeeping has '
                             'become inconsistent (%s)' % msg)
    return counts


def select_32bit_java():
    """Switches to 32 bit java if installed (like in lab lxc images) to save
    about 30-40% server/shard memory during the run."""
    if utils.is_in_container() and not client_utils.is_moblab():
        java = '/usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk-i386'
        if os.path.exists(java):
            logging.info('Found 32 bit java, switching to use it.')
            os.environ['JAVA_HOME'] = java
            os.environ['PATH'] = (
                os.path.join(java, 'bin') + os.pathsep + os.environ['PATH'])


class TradefedTest(test.test):
    """Base class to prepare DUT to run tests via tradefed."""
    version = 1

    # Default max_retry based on board and channel.
    _BOARD_RETRY = {}
    _CHANNEL_RETRY = {'dev': 5}

    def _log_java_version(self):
        """Quick sanity and spew of java version installed on the server."""
        utils.run(
            'java',
            args=('-version',),
            ignore_status=False,
            verbose=True,
            stdout_tee=utils.TEE_TO_LOGS,
            stderr_tee=utils.TEE_TO_LOGS)

    def initialize(self,
                   bundle=None,
                   uri=None,
                   host=None,
                   max_retry=None,
                   warn_on_test_retry=True):
        """Sets up the tools and binary bundles for the test."""
        logging.info('Hostname: %s', host.hostname)
        self._host = host
        self._max_retry = self._get_max_retry(max_retry, self._host)
        self._install_paths = []
        self._warn_on_test_retry = warn_on_test_retry
        # Tests in the lab run within individual lxc container instances.
        if utils.is_in_container():
            cache_root = _TRADEFED_CACHE_CONTAINER
        else:
            cache_root = _TRADEFED_CACHE_LOCAL

        # TODO(ihf): reevaluate this again when we run out of memory. We could
        # for example use 32 bit java on the first run but not during retries.
        # b/62895114. If select_32bit_java gets deleted for good also remove it
        # from the base image.
        # Try to save server memory (crbug.com/717413).
        # select_32bit_java()

        # The content of the cache survives across jobs.
        self._safe_makedirs(cache_root)
        self._tradefed_cache = os.path.join(cache_root, 'cache')
        self._tradefed_cache_lock = os.path.join(cache_root, 'lock')
        # The content of the install location does not survive across jobs and
        # is isolated (by using a unique path)_against other autotest instances.
        # This is not needed for the lab, but if somebody wants to run multiple
        # TradedefTest instance.
        self._tradefed_install = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=_TRADEFED_PREFIX)
        # Under lxc the cache is shared between multiple autotest/tradefed
        # instances. We need to synchronize access to it. All binaries are
        # installed through the (shared) cache into the local (unshared)
        # lxc/autotest instance storage.
        # If clearing the cache it must happen before all downloads.
        self._clear_download_cache_if_needed()
        # Set permissions (rwxr-xr-x) to the executable binaries.
        permission = (
            stat.S_IRWXU | stat.S_IRGRP | stat.S_IXGRP | stat.S_IROTH
            | stat.S_IXOTH)
        self._install_files(_ADB_DIR, _ADB_FILES, permission)
        self._install_files(_SDK_TOOLS_DIR, _SDK_TOOLS_FILES, permission)

        # Install the tradefed bundle.
        bundle_install_path = self._install_bundle(
            uri or self._get_default_bundle_url(bundle))
        self._repository = os.path.join(bundle_install_path,
                                        self._get_tradefed_base_dir())
        # Load waivers and manual tests so TF doesn't re-run them.
        self._waivers = self._get_expected_failures('expectations')
        self._manual_tests = self._get_expected_failures('manual_tests')
        # Load modules with no tests.
        self._notest_modules = self._get_expected_failures('notest_modules')

    def cleanup(self):
        """Cleans up any dirtied state."""
        # Kill any lingering adb servers.
        self._run('adb', verbose=True, args=('kill-server',))
        logging.info('Cleaning up %s.', self._tradefed_install)
        shutil.rmtree(self._tradefed_install)

    def _login_chrome(self, **cts_helper_kwargs):
        """Returns Chrome log-in context manager.

        Please see also cheets_StartAndroid for details about how this works.
        """
        return _ChromeLogin(self._host, cts_helper_kwargs)

    def _get_adb_target(self):
        return '{}:{}'.format(self._host.hostname, self._host.port)

    def _try_adb_connect(self):
        """Attempts to connect to adb on the DUT.

        @return boolean indicating if adb connected successfully.
        """
        # This may fail return failure due to a race condition in adb connect
        # (b/29370989). If adb is already connected, this command will
        # immediately return success.
        hostport = self._get_adb_target()
        result = self._run(
            'adb', args=('connect', hostport), verbose=True, ignore_status=True)
        logging.info('adb connect {}:\n{}'.format(hostport, result.stdout))
        if result.exit_status != 0:
            return False

        result = self._run('adb', args=('devices',))
        logging.info('adb devices:\n' + result.stdout)
        if not re.search(r'{}\s+(device|unauthorized)'.format(
                re.escape(hostport)), result.stdout):
            return False

        # Actually test the connection with an adb command as there can be
        # a race between detecting the connected device and actually being
        # able to run a commmand with authenticated adb.
        result = self._run('adb', args=('shell', 'exit'), ignore_status=True)
        return result.exit_status == 0

    def _android_shell(self, command):
        """Run a command remotely on the device in an android shell

        This function is strictly for internal use only, as commands do not run
        in a fully consistent Android environment. Prefer adb shell instead.
        """
        self._host.run('android-sh -c ' + pipes.quote(command))

    def _write_android_file(self, filename, data):
        """Writes a file to a location relative to the android container.

        This is an internal function used to bootstrap adb.
        Tests should use adb push to write files.
        """
        android_cmd = 'echo %s > %s' % (pipes.quote(data),
                                        pipes.quote(filename))
        self._android_shell(android_cmd)

    def _connect_adb(self):
        """Sets up ADB connection to the ARC container."""
        logging.info('Setting up adb connection.')
        # Generate and push keys for adb.
        # TODO(elijahtaylor): Extract this code to arc_common and de-duplicate
        # code in arc.py on the client side tests.
        key_path = os.path.join(self.tmpdir, 'test_key')
        pubkey_path = key_path + '.pub'
        self._run('adb', verbose=True, args=('keygen', pipes.quote(key_path)))
        with open(pubkey_path, 'r') as f:
            self._write_android_file(_ANDROID_ADB_KEYS_PATH, f.read())
        self._android_shell('restorecon ' + pipes.quote(_ANDROID_ADB_KEYS_PATH))
        os.environ['ADB_VENDOR_KEYS'] = key_path

        # Kill existing adb server to ensure that the env var is picked up.
        self._run('adb', verbose=True, args=('kill-server',))

        # This starts adbd.
        self._android_shell('setprop sys.usb.config mtp,adb')

        # Also let it be automatically started upon reboot.
        self._android_shell('setprop persist.sys.usb.config mtp,adb')

        # adbd may take some time to come up. Repeatedly try to connect to adb.
        utils.poll_for_condition(
            lambda: self._try_adb_connect(),
            exception=error.TestFail('Error: Failed to set up adb connection'),
            timeout=_ADB_READY_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
            sleep_interval=_ADB_POLLING_INTERVAL_SECONDS)

        logging.info('Successfully setup adb connection.')

    def _wait_for_arc_boot(self):
        """Wait until ARC is fully booted.

        Tests for the presence of the intent helper app to determine whether ARC
        has finished booting.
        """

        def _intent_helper_running():
            result = self._run(
                'adb',
                args=('shell', 'pgrep', '-f', 'org.chromium.arc.intent_helper'))
            return bool(result.stdout)

        utils.poll_for_condition(
            _intent_helper_running,
            exception=error.TestFail(
                'Error: Timed out waiting for intent helper.'),
            timeout=_ARC_READY_TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
            sleep_interval=_ARC_POLLING_INTERVAL_SECONDS)

    def _disable_adb_install_dialog(self):
        """Disables a dialog shown on adb install execution.

        By default, on adb install execution, "Allow Google to regularly check
        device activity ... " dialog is shown. It requires manual user action
        so that tests are blocked at the point.
        This method disables it.
        """
        logging.info('Disabling the adb install dialog.')
        result = self._run(
            'adb',
            verbose=True,
            args=('shell', 'settings', 'put', 'global',
                  'verifier_verify_adb_installs', '0'))
        logging.info('Disable adb dialog: %s', result.stdout)

    def _ready_arc(self):
        """Ready ARC and adb for running tests via tradefed."""
        self._connect_adb()
        self._disable_adb_install_dialog()
        self._wait_for_arc_boot()

    def _safe_makedirs(self, path):
        """Creates a directory at |path| and its ancestors.

        Unlike os.makedirs(), ignore errors even if directories exist.
        """
        try:
            os.makedirs(path)
        except OSError as e:
            if not (e.errno == errno.EEXIST and os.path.isdir(path)):
                raise

    def _unzip(self, filename):
        """Unzip the file.

        The destination directory name will be the stem of filename.
        E.g., _unzip('foo/bar/baz.zip') will create directory at
        'foo/bar/baz', and then will inflate zip's content under the directory.
        If here is already a directory at the stem, that directory will be used.

        @param filename: Path to the zip archive.
        @return Path to the inflated directory.
        """
        destination = os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
        if os.path.isdir(destination):
            return destination
        self._safe_makedirs(destination)
        utils.run('unzip', args=('-d', destination, filename))
        return destination

    def _dir_size(self, directory):
        """Compute recursive size in bytes of directory."""
        size = 0
        for root, _, files in os.walk(directory):
            size += sum(
                os.path.getsize(os.path.join(root, name)) for name in files)
        return size

    def _clear_download_cache_if_needed(self):
        """Invalidates cache to prevent it from growing too large."""
        # If the cache is large enough to hold a working set, we can simply
        # delete everything without thrashing.
        # TODO(ihf): Investigate strategies like LRU.
        with lock(self._tradefed_cache_lock):
            size = self._dir_size(self._tradefed_cache)
            if size > _TRADEFED_CACHE_MAX_SIZE:
                logging.info(
                    'Current cache size=%d got too large. Clearing %s.', size,
                    self._tradefed_cache)
                shutil.rmtree(self._tradefed_cache)
                self._safe_makedirs(self._tradefed_cache)
            else:
                logging.info('Current cache size=%d of %s.', size,
                             self._tradefed_cache)

    def _download_to_cache(self, uri):
        """Downloads the uri from the storage server.

        It always checks the cache for available binaries first and skips
        download if binaries are already in cache.

        The caller of this function is responsible for holding the cache lock.

        @param uri: The Google Storage or dl.google.com uri.
        @return Path to the downloaded object, name.
        """
        # Split uri into 3 pieces for use by gsutil and also by wget.
        parsed = urlparse.urlparse(uri)
        filename = os.path.basename(parsed.path)
        # We are hashing the uri instead of the binary. This is acceptable, as
        # the uris are supposed to contain version information and an object is
        # not supposed to be changed once created.
        output_dir = os.path.join(self._tradefed_cache,
                                  hashlib.md5(uri).hexdigest())
        output = os.path.join(output_dir, filename)
        # Check for existence of file.
        if os.path.exists(output):
            logging.info('Skipping download of %s, reusing %s.', uri, output)
            return output
        self._safe_makedirs(output_dir)

        if parsed.scheme not in ['gs', 'http', 'https']:
            raise error.TestFail(
                'Error: Unknown download scheme %s' % parsed.scheme)
        if parsed.scheme in ['http', 'https']:
            logging.info('Using wget to download %s to %s.', uri, output_dir)
            # We are downloading 1 file at a time, hence using -O over -P.
            utils.run(
                'wget',
                args=('--report-speed=bits', '-O', output, uri),
                verbose=True)
            return output

        if not client_utils.is_moblab():
            # If the machine can access to the storage server directly,
            # defer to "gsutil" for downloading.
            logging.info('Host %s not in lab. Downloading %s directly to %s.',
                         self._host.hostname, uri, output)
            # b/17445576: gsutil rsync of individual files is not implemented.
            utils.run('gsutil', args=('cp', uri, output), verbose=True)
            return output

        # We are in the moblab. Because the machine cannot access the storage
        # server directly, use dev server to proxy.
        logging.info('Host %s is in lab. Downloading %s by staging to %s.',
                     self._host.hostname, uri, output)

        dirname = os.path.dirname(parsed.path)
        archive_url = '%s://%s%s' % (parsed.scheme, parsed.netloc, dirname)

        # First, request the devserver to download files into the lab network.
        # TODO(ihf): Switch stage_artifacts to honor rsync. Then we don't have
        # to shuffle files inside of tarballs.
        info = self._host.host_info_store.get()
        ds = dev_server.ImageServer.resolve(info.build)
        ds.stage_artifacts(
            info.build, files=[filename], archive_url=archive_url)

        # Then download files from the dev server.
        # TODO(ihf): use rsync instead of wget. Are there 3 machines involved?
        # Itself, dev_server plus DUT? Or is there just no rsync in moblab?
        ds_src = '/'.join([ds.url(), 'static', dirname, filename])
        logging.info('dev_server URL: %s', ds_src)
        # Calls into DUT to pull uri from dev_server.
        utils.run(
            'wget',
            args=('--report-speed=bits', '-O', output, ds_src),
            verbose=True)
        return output

    def _instance_copy(self, cache_path):
        """Makes a copy of a file from the (shared) cache to a wholy owned
        local instance. Also copies one level of cache directoy (MD5 named).
        """
        filename = os.path.basename(cache_path)
        dirname = os.path.basename(os.path.dirname(cache_path))
        instance_dir = os.path.join(self._tradefed_install, dirname)
        # Make sure destination directory is named the same.
        self._safe_makedirs(instance_dir)
        instance_path = os.path.join(instance_dir, filename)
        shutil.copyfile(cache_path, instance_path)
        return instance_path

    def _install_bundle(self, gs_uri):
        """Downloads a zip file, installs it and returns the local path."""
        if not gs_uri.endswith('.zip'):
            raise error.TestFail('Error: Not a .zip file %s.', gs_uri)
        # Atomic write through of file.
        with lock(self._tradefed_cache_lock):
            cache_path = self._download_to_cache(gs_uri)
            local = self._instance_copy(cache_path)

        unzipped = self._unzip(local)
        self._abi = 'x86' if 'x86-x86' in unzipped else 'arm'
        return unzipped

    def _install_files(self, gs_dir, files, permission):
        """Installs binary tools."""
        for filename in files:
            gs_uri = os.path.join(gs_dir, filename)
            # Atomic write through of file.
            with lock(self._tradefed_cache_lock):
                cache_path = self._download_to_cache(gs_uri)
                local = self._instance_copy(cache_path)
            os.chmod(local, permission)
            # Keep track of PATH.
            self._install_paths.append(os.path.dirname(local))

    def _copy_media(self, media):
        """Calls copy_media to push media files to DUT via adb."""
        logging.info('Copying media to device. This can take a few minutes.')
        copy_media = os.path.join(media, 'copy_media.sh')
        with pushd(media):
            try:
                self._run(
                    'file',
                    args=('/bin/sh',),
                    verbose=True,
                    ignore_status=True,
                    timeout=60,
                    stdout_tee=utils.TEE_TO_LOGS,
                    stderr_tee=utils.TEE_TO_LOGS)
                self._run(
                    'sh',
                    args=('--version',),
                    verbose=True,
                    ignore_status=True,
                    timeout=60,
                    stdout_tee=utils.TEE_TO_LOGS,
                    stderr_tee=utils.TEE_TO_LOGS)
            except:
                logging.warning('Could not obtain sh version.')
            self._run(
                'sh',
                args=('-e', copy_media, 'all'),
                timeout=7200,  # Wait at most 2h for download of media files.
                verbose=True,
                ignore_status=False,
                stdout_tee=utils.TEE_TO_LOGS,
                stderr_tee=utils.TEE_TO_LOGS)

    def _verify_media(self, media):
        """Verify that the local media directory matches the DUT.
        Used for debugging b/32978387 where we may see file corruption."""
        # TODO(ihf): Remove function once b/32978387 is resolved.
        # Find all files in the bbb_short and bbb_full directories, md5sum these
        # files and sort by filename, both on the DUT and on the local tree.
        logging.info('Computing md5 of remote media files.')
        remote = self._run(
            'adb',
            args=(
                'shell',
                'cd /sdcard/test; find ./bbb_short ./bbb_full -type f -print0 | '
                'xargs -0 md5sum | grep -v "\.DS_Store" | sort -k 2'))
        logging.info('Computing md5 of local media files.')
        local = self._run(
            '/bin/sh',
            args=('-c', (
                'cd %s; find ./bbb_short ./bbb_full -type f -print0 | '
                'xargs -0 md5sum | grep -v "\.DS_Store" | sort -k 2') % media))

        # 'adb shell' terminates lines with CRLF. Normalize before comparing.
        if remote.stdout.replace('\r\n', '\n') != local.stdout:
            logging.error(
                'Some media files differ on DUT /sdcard/test vs. local.')
            logging.info('media=%s', media)
            logging.error('remote=%s', remote)
            logging.error('local=%s', local)
            # TODO(ihf): Return False.
            return True
        logging.info('Media files identical on DUT /sdcard/test vs. local.')
        return True

    def _push_media(self, CTS_URI):
        """Downloads, caches and pushes media files to DUT."""
        media = self._install_bundle(CTS_URI['media'])
        base = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(CTS_URI['media']))[0]
        cts_media = os.path.join(media, base)
        # TODO(ihf): this really should measure throughput in Bytes/s.
        m = 'chromeos/autotest/infra_benchmark/cheets/push_media/duration'
        fields = {'success': False, 'dut_host_name': self._host.hostname}
        with metrics.SecondsTimer(m, fields=fields) as c:
            self._copy_media(cts_media)
            c['success'] = True
        if not self._verify_media(cts_media):
            raise error.TestFail('Error: saw corruption pushing media files.')

    def _run(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Executes the given command line.

        To support SDK tools, such as adb or aapt, this adds _install_paths
        to the extra_paths. Before invoking this, ensure _install_files() has
        been called.
        """
        kwargs['extra_paths'] = (
            kwargs.get('extra_paths', []) + self._install_paths)
        return utils.run(*args, **kwargs)

    def _collect_tradefed_global_log(self, result, destination):
        """Collects the tradefed global log.

        @param result: The result object from utils.run.
        @param destination: Autotest result directory (destination of logs).
        """
        match = re.search(r'Saved log to /tmp/(tradefed_global_log_.*\.txt)',
                          result.stdout)
        if not match:
            logging.error('no tradefed_global_log file is found')
            return

        name = match.group(1)
        dest = os.path.join(destination, 'logs', 'tmp')
        self._safe_makedirs(dest)
        shutil.copy(os.path.join('/tmp', name), os.path.join(dest, name))

    def _parse_tradefed_datetime(self, result, summary=None):
        """Get the tradefed provided result ID consisting of a datetime stamp.

        Unfortunately we are unable to tell tradefed where to store the results.
        In the lab we have multiple instances of tradefed running in parallel
        writing results and logs to the same base directory. This function
        finds the identifier which tradefed used during the current run and
        returns it for further processing of result files.

        @param result: The result object from utils.run.
        @param summary: Test result summary from runs so far.
        @return datetime_id: The result ID chosen by tradefed.
                             Example: '2016.07.14_00.34.50'.
        """
        # This string is show for both 'run' and 'continue' after all tests.
        match = re.search(r'(\d\d\d\d.\d\d.\d\d_\d\d.\d\d.\d\d)', result.stdout)
        if not (match and match.group(1)):
            error_msg = 'Error: Test did not complete. (Chrome or ARC crash?)'
            if summary:
                error_msg += (' Test summary from previous runs: %s' % summary)
            raise error.TestFail(error_msg)
        datetime_id = match.group(1)
        logging.info('Tradefed identified results and logs with %s.',
                     datetime_id)
        return datetime_id

    def _parse_result(self, result, waivers=None):
        """Check the result from the tradefed output.

        This extracts the test pass/fail/executed list from the output of
        tradefed. It is up to the caller to handle inconsistencies.

        @param result: The result object from utils.run.
        @param waivers: a set() of tests which are permitted to fail.
        """
        return parse_tradefed_result(result.stdout, waivers)

    def _collect_logs(self, datetime, destination):
        """Collects the tradefed logs.

        It is legal to collect the same logs multiple times. This is normal
        after 'tradefed continue' updates existing logs with new results.

        @param datetime: The identifier which tradefed assigned to the run.
                         Currently this looks like '2016.07.14_00.34.50'.
        @param destination: Autotest result directory (destination of logs).
        """
        logging.info('Collecting tradefed testResult.xml and logs to %s.',
                     destination)
        repository_results = os.path.join(self._repository, 'results')
        repository_logs = os.path.join(self._repository, 'logs')
        # Because other tools rely on the currently chosen Google storage paths
        # we need to keep destination_results in
        # cheets_CTS.*/results/android-cts/2016.mm.dd_hh.mm.ss(/|.zip)
        # and destination_logs in
        # cheets_CTS.*/results/android-cts/logs/2016.mm.dd_hh.mm.ss/
        destination_results = destination
        destination_results_datetime = os.path.join(destination_results,
                                                    datetime)
        destination_results_datetime_zip = destination_results_datetime + '.zip'
        destination_logs = os.path.join(destination, 'logs')
        destination_logs_datetime = os.path.join(destination_logs, datetime)
        # We may have collected the same logs before, clean old versions.
        if os.path.exists(destination_results_datetime_zip):
            os.remove(destination_results_datetime_zip)
        if os.path.exists(destination_results_datetime):
            shutil.rmtree(destination_results_datetime)
        if os.path.exists(destination_logs_datetime):
            shutil.rmtree(destination_logs_datetime)
        shutil.copytree(
            os.path.join(repository_results, datetime),
            destination_results_datetime)
        # Copying the zip file has to happen after the tree so the destination
        # directory is available.
        shutil.copy(
            os.path.join(repository_results, datetime) + '.zip',
            destination_results_datetime_zip)
        shutil.copytree(
            os.path.join(repository_logs, datetime), destination_logs_datetime)

    def _get_expected_failures(self, directory):
        """Return a list of expected failures.

        @return: a list of expected failures.
        """
        logging.info('Loading expected failures from %s.', directory)
        expected_fail_dir = os.path.join(self.bindir, directory)
        expected_fail_files = glob.glob(expected_fail_dir + '/*.' + self._abi)
        expected_failures = set()
        for expected_fail_file in expected_fail_files:
            try:
                file_path = os.path.join(expected_fail_dir, expected_fail_file)
                with open(file_path) as f:
                    lines = set(f.read().splitlines())
                    logging.info('Loaded %d expected failures from %s',
                                 len(lines), expected_fail_file)
                    expected_failures |= lines
            except IOError as e:
                logging.error('Error loading %s (%s).', file_path, e.strerror)
        logging.info('Finished loading expected failures: %s',
                     expected_failures)
        return expected_failures

    def _get_release_channel(self, host):
        """Returns the DUT channel of the image ('dev', 'beta', 'stable')."""
        channel = host.get_channel()
        return channel if channel else 'dev'

    def _get_board_name(self, host):
        """Return target DUT board name."""
        return host.get_board().split(':')[1]

    def _get_max_retry(self, max_retry, host):
        """Return the maximum number of retries.

        @param max_retry: max_retry specified in the control file.
        @param host: target DUT for retry adjustment.
        @return: number of retries for this specific host.
        """
        candidate = [max_retry]
        candidate.append(self._get_board_retry(host))
        candidate.append(self._get_channel_retry(host))
        return min(x for x in candidate if x is not None)

    def _get_board_retry(self, host):
        """Return the maximum number of retries for DUT board name.

        @param host: target DUT for retry adjustment.
        @return: number of max_retry for this specific board or None.
        """
        board = self._get_board_name(host)
        if board in self._BOARD_RETRY:
            return self._BOARD_RETRY[board]
        logging.debug('No board retry specified for board: %s', board)
        return None

    def _get_channel_retry(self, host):
        """Returns the maximum number of retries for DUT image channel."""
        channel = self._get_release_channel(host)
        if channel in self._CHANNEL_RETRY:
            return self._CHANNEL_RETRY[channel]
        retry = self._CHANNEL_RETRY['dev']
        logging.warning('Could not establish channel. Using retry=%d.', retry)
        return retry

    def _run_precondition_scripts(self, host, commands, steps):
        for command in commands:
            # Replace {0} (if any) with the retry count.
            formatted_command = command.format(steps)
            logging.info('RUN: %s\n', formatted_command)
            output = host.run(formatted_command, ignore_status=True)
            logging.info('END: %s\n', output)

    def _run_and_parse_tradefed(self, commands):
        """Kick off the tradefed command.

        Assumes that only last entry of |commands| actually runs tests and has
        interesting output (results, logs) for collection. Ignores all other
        commands for this purpose.

        @param commands: List of lists of command tokens.
        @raise TestFail: when a test failure is detected.
        @return: tuple of (tests, pass, fail, notexecuted) counts.
        """
        try:
            output = self._run_tradefed(commands)
        except:
            self._log_java_version()
            raise

        result_destination = os.path.join(self.resultsdir,
                                          self._get_tradefed_base_dir())
        # Gather the global log first. Datetime parsing below can abort the test
        # if tradefed startup had failed. Even then the global log is useful.
        self._collect_tradefed_global_log(output, result_destination)
        # Parse stdout to obtain datetime of the session. This is needed to
        # locate result xml files and logs.
        datetime_id = self._parse_tradefed_datetime(output, self.summary)
        # Collect tradefed logs for autotest.
        self._collect_logs(datetime_id, result_destination)
        # Result parsing must come after all other essential operations as test
        # warnings, errors and failures can be raised here.
        return self._parse_result(output, waivers=self._waivers)

    def _clean_repository(self):
        """Ensures all old logs, results and plans are deleted.

        This function should be called at the start of each autotest iteration.
        """
        logging.info('Cleaning up repository.')
        for directory in ['logs', 'subplans', 'results']:
            path = os.path.join(self._repository, directory)
            if os.path.exists(path):
                shutil.rmtree(path)
            self._safe_makedirs(path)

    def _install_plan(self, plan):
        logging.info('Install plan: %s', plan)
        plans_dir = os.path.join(self._repository, 'repository', 'plans')
        src_plan_file = os.path.join(self.bindir, 'plans', '%s.xml' % plan)
        shutil.copy(src_plan_file, plans_dir)

    def _should_skip_test(self):
        """Some tests are expected to fail and are skipped.

        Subclasses should override with specific details.
        """
        return False

    def _consistent(self, tests, passed, failed, notexecuted):
        """Verifies that the given counts are plausible.

        Used for finding bad logfile parsing using accounting identities.

        TODO(ihf): change to tests != passed + failed + notexecuted
        only once b/35530394 fixed."""
        return ((tests == passed + failed) or
                (tests == passed + failed + notexecuted))

    def _tradefed_retry(self, test_name, session_id):
        """Retries failing tests in session.

        It is assumed that there are no notexecuted tests of session_id,
        otherwise some tests will be missed and never run.

        @param test_name: the name of test to be retried.
        @param session_id: tradefed session id to retry.
        @param result_type: either 'failed' or 'not_executed'
        @return: tuple of (new session_id, tests, pass, fail, notexecuted).
        """
        # Creating new test plan for retry.
        derivedplan = 'retry.%s.%s' % (test_name, session_id)
        logging.info('Retrying failures using derived plan %s.', derivedplan)
        # The list commands are not required. It allows the reader to inspect
        # the tradefed state when examining the autotest logs.
        commands = [[
            'add', 'subplan', '--name', derivedplan, '--session',
            '%d' % session_id, '--result-type', 'failed', '--result-type',
            'not_executed'
        ], ['list', 'subplans'], ['list', 'results'],
                    self._tradefed_run_command(
                        plan=derivedplan, session_id=session_id)]
        # TODO(ihf): Consider if diffing/parsing output of "list results" for
        # new session_id might be more reliable. For now just assume simple
        # increment. This works if only one tradefed instance is active and
        # only a single run command is executing at any moment.
        return session_id + 1, self._run_and_parse_tradefed(commands)

    def _classify_results(self, total_tests, passed, failed, notexecuted,
                          waived, steps, retry_inconsistency_error):
        """Decide if the test passed or failed by analysing results."""
        if passed + waived == 0 or failed + notexecuted > waived:
            raise error.TestFail(
                'Failed: after %d retries giving up. '
                'passed=%d, failed=%d, notexecuted=%d, waived=%d. %s' %
                (steps, passed, failed, notexecuted, waived, self.summary))
        if not self._consistent(total_tests, passed, failed, notexecuted):
            raise error.TestFail(
                'Error: Test count inconsistent. %s' % self.summary)
        if retry_inconsistency_error:
            raise error.TestFail('Error: %s %s' % (retry_inconsistency_error,
                                                   self.summary))
        if steps > 0 and self._warn_on_test_retry:
            # TODO(ihf): Make this error.TestPass('...') once available.
            raise error.TestWarn(
                'Passed: after %d retries passing %d tests, waived=%d. %s' %
                (steps, passed, waived, self.summary))

    def _should_reboot(self, steps):
        """Oracle to decide if DUT should reboot or just restart Chrome.

        For now we will not reboot after the first two iterations, but on all
        iterations afterward as before. In particular this means that most CTS
        tests will now not get a "clean" machine, but one on which tests ran
        before. But we will still reboot after persistent failures, hopefully
        not causing too many flakes down the line.
        """
        if steps < 3:
            return False
        return True

    def _run_tradefed_with_retries(self,
                                   target_module,
                                   test_command,
                                   test_name,
                                   target_plan=None,
                                   needs_push_media=False,
                                   cts_uri=None,
                                   login_precondition_commands=[],
                                   precondition_commands=[]):
        """Run CTS/GTS with retry logic.

        We first kick off the specified module. Then rerun just the failures
        on the next MAX_RETRY iterations.
        """
        steps = -1  # For historic reasons the first iteration is not counted.
        pushed_media = False
        total_tests = 0
        total_passed = 0
        self.summary = ''
        session_id = 0

        # Unconditionally run CTS/GTS module until we see some tests executed.
        while total_tests == 0 and steps < self._max_retry:
            steps += 1
            self._run_precondition_scripts(self._host,
                                           login_precondition_commands, steps)
            with self._login_chrome(
                    reboot=self._should_reboot(steps),
                    dont_override_profile=pushed_media):
                self._ready_arc()
                self._run_precondition_scripts(self._host,
                                               precondition_commands, steps)

                # Only push media for tests that need it. b/29371037
                if needs_push_media and not pushed_media:
                    self._push_media(cts_uri)
                    # copy_media.sh is not lazy, but we try to be.
                    pushed_media = True

                # Start each valid iteration with a clean repository. This
                # allows us to track session_id blindly.
                self._clean_repository()
                if target_plan is not None:
                    self._install_plan(target_plan)
                logging.info('Running %s:', test_name)

                # The list command is not required. It allows the reader to
                # inspect the tradefed state when examining the autotest logs.
                commands = [['list', 'results'], test_command]
                counts = self._run_and_parse_tradefed(commands)
                tests, passed, failed, notexecuted, waived = counts
                msg = 'run(t=%d, p=%d, f=%d, ne=%d, w=%d)' % counts
                logging.info('RESULT: %s', msg)
                self.summary += msg
                if tests == 0 and target_module in self._notest_modules:
                    logging.info('Package has no tests as expected.')
                    return
                if tests > 0 and target_module in self._notest_modules:
                    # We expected no tests, but the new bundle drop must have
                    # added some for us. Alert us to the situation.
                    raise error.TestFail(
                        'Failed: Remove module %s from '
                        'notest_modules directory!' % target_module)
                if self._should_skip_test():
                    tests += 1
                    notexecuted += 1
                    waived += 1
                    logging.warning('Skipped test %s', ' '.join(test_command))
                elif tests == 0 and target_module not in self._notest_modules:
                    logging.error('Did not find any tests in module. Hoping '
                                  'this is transient. Retry after reboot.')
                if not self._consistent(tests, passed, failed, notexecuted):
                    # Try to figure out what happened. Example: b/35605415.
                    self._run_tradefed([['list', 'results']])
                    logging.warning('Test count inconsistent. %s', self.summary)
                # Keep track of global count, we can't trust continue/retry.
                if total_tests == 0:
                    total_tests = tests
                total_passed += passed
                # The DUT has rebooted at this point and is in a clean state.
        if total_tests == 0:
            raise error.TestFail('Error: Could not find any tests in module.')

        retry_inconsistency_error = None
        # If the results were not completed or were failing then continue or
        # retry them iteratively MAX_RETRY times.
        while steps < self._max_retry and failed + notexecuted > waived:
            steps += 1
            self._run_precondition_scripts(self._host,
                                           login_precondition_commands, steps)
            with self._login_chrome(
                    reboot=self._should_reboot(steps),
                    dont_override_profile=pushed_media):
                self._ready_arc()
                self._run_precondition_scripts(self._host,
                                               precondition_commands, steps)
                logging.info('Retrying failures of %s with session_id %d:',
                             test_name, session_id)
                expected_tests = failed + notexecuted
                session_id, counts = self._tradefed_retry(test_name, session_id)
                tests, passed, failed, notexecuted, waived = counts
                # Consistency check, did we really run as many as we thought
                # initially?
                if expected_tests != tests:
                    msg = ('Retry inconsistency - '
                           'initially saw %d failed+notexecuted, ran %d tests. '
                           'passed=%d, failed=%d, notexecuted=%d, waived=%d.' %
                           (expected_tests, tests, passed, failed, notexecuted,
                            waived))
                    logging.warning(msg)
                    if expected_tests > tests:
                        # See b/36523200#comment8. Due to the existence of the
                        # multiple tests having the same ID, more cases may be
                        # run than previous fail count. As a workaround, making
                        # it an error only when the tests run were less than
                        # expected.
                        # TODO(kinaba): Find a way to handle this dup.
                        retry_inconsistency_error = msg
                if not self._consistent(tests, passed, failed, notexecuted):
                    logging.warning('Tradefed inconsistency - retrying.')
                    session_id, counts = self._tradefed_retry(
                        test_name, session_id)
                    tests, passed, failed, notexecuted, waived = counts
                msg = 'retry(t=%d, p=%d, f=%d, ne=%d, w=%d)' % counts
                logging.info('RESULT: %s', msg)
                self.summary += ' ' + msg
                if not self._consistent(tests, passed, failed, notexecuted):
                    logging.warning('Test count inconsistent. %s', self.summary)
                total_passed += passed
                if tests > expected_tests:
                    total_tests += tests - expected_tests
            # The DUT has rebooted at this point and is in a clean state.

        self._classify_results(total_tests, total_passed, failed, notexecuted,
                               waived, steps, retry_inconsistency_error)